1. HIV and AIDS

2. 39 million people have died of HIV since the beginning of the epidemic out of the 76.1 million people who had been infected (about 52%)
36.7 million people are living with HIV today

3. HIV
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus

4. HIV HIV is the virus that causes AIDS HIV is a retrovirus
- it makes its genetic material in reverse

5. Retrovirus
An important HIV protein is called “reverse transcriptase” which transcribes genetic material in reverse

6. HIV causes AIDS
Acquired
Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome

7. Initial HIV Infection
It is common to develop a brief flu-like illness two to six weeks after becoming infected with HIV

8. Illness caused by initial HIV infection
Primary HIV Infection
Seroconversion syndrome
HIV Seroconversion – very early stage of HIV infection. It is a time wherein the body develops antibodies against HIV

9. Initial HIV Infection
The signs and symptoms of seroconversion syndrome or primary HIV infection include fever, headache, sore throat, swollen lymph glands and rash.

10. Initial HIV Infection
Because of these flu like symptoms, one might not realize they have been infected with HIV

11. Picture of Seroconversion Rash

12. Initial HIV Infection
Some initial HIV Infections have no symptoms at all.

13. HIV Infection
Even if one doesn’t have symptoms of HIV infection, they are still able to give the virus to others.

14. HIV destroys immunity Your body is not able to get rid of the virus
Once the virus enters the body, the immune system comes under attack.

15. HIV destroys immunity
The virus multiplies in the lymph nodes and slowly begin to destroy T helper cells (CD4 cells) – the white blood cells that coordinate the entire immune system
CD – cluster of differentiation

16. Dormant Phase
One may remain symptom-free for 10 years after initial infection.
But still able to transmit virus to others

17. Early AIDS
Over the years, the virus multiplies and destroys immune cells, one may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms such as…

18. Early AIDS Swollen lymph nodes Diarrhea Weight loss Fever
Cough and shortness of breath

19. AIDS
During the last phase of HIV infection which occurs approximately 10 or more years after the initial infection – more serious symptoms may begin to appear, and the infection may then meet the official definition of AIDS

20. AIDS
AIDS is defined as the presence of HIV infection as shown by a positive HIV-antibody test plus at least one of the following:

21. AIDS = HIV+ and either
1. the development of an opportunistic infection – an infection that occurs when your immune system is impaired

22. 2. A CD4 lymphocyte count of 200 or less – a normal count ranges from 600 – 1000

23. Symptoms of infection Soaking night sweats
Shaking chills or fever higher for 100F for several weeks
Dry cough and shortness of breath

24. Symptoms of infection Chronic diarrhea
Persistent white spots in tongue or in mouth due to fungus
Headaches
Blurred and distorted vision
Weight loss

25. Cancer in AIDS Kaposi’s sarcoma Cervical cancer Lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

26. Opportunistic infections
Called opportunistic because they take advantage of the opportunity offered by the weakened immune system

27. Opportunistic infections
Bacterial diseases such as
TB (tuberculosis
MAC (mycobacterium avian complex)
bacterial pneumonia
septicemia (blood poisoning)

28. Opportunistic infections
Protozoal diseases such as
PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
now called PJP (Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
toxoplasmosis
microsporidiosis
cryptosporidiosis
isopsoriasis
leishmaniasis

29. Opportunistic infections
Fungal diseases such as
- candidiasis
- cryptococcosis
- penicilliosis

30. Opportunistic infections
Viral diseases such as
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
herpes simplex
herpes zoster virus (Shingles)

31. AIDS can cause blindness

32. Shingles

33. Opportunistic Malignancies
HIV-associated malignancies
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- caused by another herpes virus (HHV8)
Lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

34. History of HIV
As recently as the late 1970s, no one was aware of this deadly disease

35. AIDS Timeline before 1970
HIV probably transfers to humans in Africa in 1930 from monkeys which have identical SIMV viruses – similar to HIV virus
HIV probably enters Haiti around 1966

36. AIDS 1970s HIV probably enters the United States around 1970
African doctors see a rise in opportunistic infections and wasting (such as in tuberculosis and cancer)
Western scientists and medical doctors remain unaware of the growing epidemic

37. AIDS 1980 AIDS is detected in California and New York
The first cases are among gay men and injecting drug users

38. AIDS 1982 AIDS is reported among hemophiliacs and in the USA
AIDS is reported in several European countries
The name “AIDS” – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome – is created

39. AIDS 1983 AIDS is reported among non-drug using women and children
Experts became more confident that the cause of AIDS is infectious

40. AIDS 1983
3000 AIDS cases have been reported in the USA
1000 have died

41. AIDS 1984
Scientists identify HIV (initially called HTLV-III or LAV) as the cause of AIDS

42. AIDS 1984
Western scientists became aware that AIDS is widespread in parts of Africa
The world’s first needle exchange program is set up in Amsterdam, the Netherlands – for injecting drug users to exchange used for needles for fresh ones

43. AIDS 1985
An HIV test is licensed for screening blood supplies

44. AIDS 1986
More than 38,000 cases of AIDS have been reported from 85 countries

45. AIDS 1987
AZT is the first drug approved to treat AIDS

46. AIDS 1993 An estimated 8 million people are living with HIV worldwide
Thailand launches Asia’s most extensive HIV prevention program

47. AIDS 1994
AZT is shown to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
Infant HIV infections begin to fall in developed countries, due to use of AZT

48. AIDS 1996
Combination antiretroviral treatment is shown to be highly effective against HIV
In developed countries, many people begin taking the new treatment
Magic Johnson is part of this discovery

49. AIDS 2005
Nearly 40 million people are living with HIV, including 25 million Africans
More than 25 million people have died because of AIDS since 1981

50. AIDS 2006
28% of people in developed countries who need treatment for HIV are receiving it

51. AIDS 2006
Annual global spending on AIDS in low-and middle-income countries $8.9 billion dollars
It is estimated that $14.9 billion dollars would be needed for a truly effective response

52. AIDS 2008
On November 12, 2008, doctors in Berlin announced the results of an experimental bone marrow transplant for an HIV infected person

53. AIDS 2008
20 months after transplant, the person shows no evidence of viral infection

54. According to a report by Gero Hütter et al.,
In a rare and lucky match-up, his donor was not only compatible but also homozygous for mutations in the HIV receptor CCR5 that result in resistance to HIV infection

55. Virus
Like all viruses, HIV cannot grow or reproduce on its own.

56. HIV
In order to make new copies of itself it must infect the cells of a living organism

57. An HIV virus is around: 0.1 micron 4 millionths of an inch
1/20 length of an E.coli bacterium
1/70 the diameter of a human CD4+ white blood cell