1. Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 666-678 (October 2017)
A Role for Dystonia-Associated Genes in Spinal GABAergic Interneuron Circuitry 
Juliet Zhang, Jarret A.P. Weinrich, Jeffrey B. Russ, John D. Comer, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Richard J. DiCasoli, Christopher V.E. Wright, Yuqing Li, Peter J. van Roessel, Julia A. Kaltschmidt 
Cell Reports 
Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages (October 2017)
DOI: /j.celrep
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2. Cell Reports 2017 21, 666-678DOI: (10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.079)
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3. Figure 1 Late Ptf1a Expression Labels GABApre Neurons
(A) Ptf1a expression timeline and tamoxifen (TM) injection paradigm.
(B) tdTomatoON cells in the dorsal-intermediate spinal cord of Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice at e18.5.
(C) tdTomatoON (red) boutons on vGluT1ON (blue) sensory afferent terminals in the ventral horn (lamina IX) of p21 Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice.
(D and E) tdTomatoON (red) boutons on vGluT1ON (blue) sensory afferent terminals in lamina IX of Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice co-express GABApre synaptic markers GAD65 (green, D) and GAD67 (green, E).
(F) tdTomatoON cells in the dorsal spinal cord of e9.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato mice at e18.5.
(G–I) No ventral tdTomatoON projections in e9.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice at p21 (G). No tdTomato co-expression with GABApre bouton markers GAD65 (green, H) and GAD67 (green, I).
(J) tdTomatoON cells in the intermediate spinal cord of e12.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato mice at e18.5.
(K–M) tdTomatoON (red) boutons project into the ventral spinal cord (K) in e12.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice at p21 and express GABApre synaptic markers GAD65 (green, L) and GAD67 (green, M).
(N–P) Distribution plots of tdTomatoON neurons in three Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato (N), six e9.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato (O), and three e12.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato mice (P) at e18.5. Numbers represent absolute tdTomatoON neuronal counts.
Scale bars in (B), (F), and (J) represent 100 μm; scale bars in (C), (G), and (K) represent 3 μm; scale bars in (D), (E), (H), (I), (L), and (M) represent 1 μm.
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4. Figure 2
Screen for Novel Genes Expressed in the Intermediate Spinal Cord
(A) To find genes enriched in the intermediate spinal cord, gene expression levels were compared between dissected dorsal (D), intermediate (I), and ventral (V) spinal cord regions at p6 (see inset). Genes with significant (p < 0.05) and 2-fold or greater expression changes (268 genes) are graphed as a scatterplot comparing intermediate versus ventral (y axis) and intermediate versus dorsal (x axis) spinal regions. Genes that are upregulated in the intermediate region in both comparisons are in quadrant 1 (Q1, red, 61 genes); genes that are differentially expressed in both comparisons are in quadrants 2, 3, and 4 (Q2, Q3, and Q4, black, 207 genes); and genes that are differentially expressed in either comparison are gray (1,720 genes). Both Gad2 and Klhl14 are upregulated in the intermediate region (Q1).
(B) Functional classification of the 61 genes upregulated in both comparisons identified four main functional families and many other genes of unknown function or classification.
(C) Analyzing in situ hybridization data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science further restricted the 61 candidates to 11 genes (including Klhl14) that showed specific expression in the intermediate spinal cord.
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5. Figure 3 Klhl14 Expression in Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons
(A–E) Klhl14 transcript expression at e18.5 (A), p5 (B and D, red arrows), and p10 (C). There is no Klhl14 expression in DRG (D, black arrow). Dotted line in (D) depicts midline. Klhl14 expression is absent in e18.5 Ptf1a mutant (Ptf1aCre/Cre) spinal cords (E).
(F) Klhl14 transcript co-expression with fluorescently labeled GFPON (green) neurons in the intermediate spinal cord of Ptf1aCre; Thy1YFP mice at p5.
(G) Density plots of combined in situ and immunolabeling showing that at e18.5, Gad2 (blue) expressing Ptf1a-derived cells in e12.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato mice settle in the intermediate spinal cord (n = 159 cells, three mice). Klhl14 (red) expressing Ptf1a-derived cells in e12.5 TM-injected Ptf1aCreER; R26tdTomato mice settle in the intermediate spinal cord (n = 183 cells, three mice; see also Figures S2A–S2C). Ten to 20 sections per animal were analyzed and plotted in the same graph. Gad2 (blue) and Klhl14 (red) expression patterns in late Ptf1a-derived cells overlap.
Scale bars in (A), (B), and (E) represent 100 μm; scale bars in (C) and (D) represent 100 μm; scale bar in (F) represents 50 μm.
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6. Figure 4 Normal GABApre Neuron Number in Dyt1ΔE Mice
(A and B) tdTomatoON (red) neurons in the intermediate spinal cord of Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice. Tor1a (green, B) expression in tdTomatoON (red, A and B) neurons in Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato mice at p5.
(C and D) tdTomatoON cells in Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato control (C) and Ptf1aCre; R26tdTomato; Dyt1ΔE (D) mice at p21. Red lines indicate approximate location of GABApre neurons.
(E) The number of putative GABApre neurons is normal in Dyt1ΔE mice compared with controls.
Scale bars in (A) and (B) represent 100 μm; scale bars in (C) and (D) represent 200 μm. Data are reported as mean ± SD.
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7. Figure 5 Abnormal GABApre Circuit Organization in Dyt1ΔE Mice
(A) Tor1a (red) is expressed in parvalbumin (Pv)-positive (green) proprioceptive sensory neurons in p6 DRG.
(B) The relative number of proprioceptive sensory neurons per DRG is unchanged between control (white) and Dyt1ΔE mice (black).
(C and D) Increased sensory afferent terminal density (C) and decreased volume (D) are seen in Dyt1ΔE mice compared with controls at p21.
(E) Histogram showing increased numbers of smaller volume sensory afferent terminals in Dyt1ΔE at p21 (control, white; Dyt1ΔE, black; overlap, gray).
(F) Schematic showing sensory neuron (SN) terminals express vGluT1 and are adjacent to Shank1a on motor neurons (MNs). GABApre boutons express GAD65, GAD67, and Syt1.
(G and H) vGluT1ON (blue) sensory afferent terminals are adjacent to Shank1a (red) in WT (G) and Dyt1ΔE mice (H) at p21.
(I and L–M′) Fewer GAD65ON (green)/GAD67ON (red) GABApre boutons (yellow) on vGluT1ON (blue) sensory afferent terminals in p21 Dyt1ΔE mice (M and M′) compared with WT mice (L and L’). Compiled average number of GAD65ON/GAD67ON GABApre boutons on vGluT1ON sensory afferent terminals is reduced by 20.3% in Dyt1ΔE mice (I).
(J and N–O′) Fewer GAD65ON (green)/GAD67ON (red) GABApre boutons (yellow) on vGluT1ON (blue) sensory afferent terminals in 6-month-old Dyt1ΔE animals (O and O′) compared with WT mice (N and N′). Compiled average number of GAD65ON/GAD67ON GABApre boutons on vGluT1ON sensory afferent terminals is reduced by 27.4% in Dyt1ΔE mice (J).
(K) Histogram showing a shift in the ratio of GABApre boutons per vGluT1 terminal toward fewer GABApre/vGluT1 in Dyt1ΔE mice at p21 (control, white; Dyt1ΔE, black; overlap, gray).
(P and Q) Fluorescence intensity of GAD67 (P) and Syt1 (Q) is unchanged in Dyt1ΔE mice at p21.
Scale bar in (A) represents 50 μm; scale bars in (G) and (H) represent 1 μm; scale bars in (L)–(M′) represent 1 μm. Data are reported as mean ± SD.
Cell Reports  , DOI: ( /j.celrep )
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