1. Media Industry Structure: Oligopoly
The “few” selling to the many:
Dominant firm oligopoly: One firm holds 50-90% of the market
Tight oligopoly: Four firms hold more than 60% of the market
Effective competition: More than four firms (but less than “many”) hold 60% of the market

2. Universal/NBC (United States)
2003
Universal/NBC (United States)

3. Major Recording Companies Sony Music Entertainment
1920
RCA
Columbia
Decca
Major Recording Companies
2006
Universal Music Group
Sony Music Entertainment
EMI Group
Warner Brothers Music
BMG Entertainment
2003
Universal/NBC (United States)

5. The production cycle of popular music
Contracted
Artists
Talent
Scouts
Production
Artistic
Community
Recording
Industry
Managerial
Indies
Society/Culture
Retail
INNOVATION

6. Copyright
The composition
The performance
The recording
Some Issues
The notes/lyrics v. sound: the folk tradition of West Africa
Sampling: Is the sum of (different) parts equal to a whole

7. Performance Rights (Music Licensing)
A brochure from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) states, "Any user who performs copyrighted musical works in public, and whose performances are not specifically exempt under the law, needs a license from ASCAP or from the members whose works the user wishes to perform."
Music licensing organizations represent songwriters, composers, and music publishers so that they receive royalties for the public performance of copyrighted music in broadcast media and public places. The organizations do not print, publish, or sell music, but the databases they maintain can help verify pieces of music and identify the copyright owner. If the music is not in print separately or in a collection, the copyright owner may be the only source.

8. ASCAP's ACE on the Web http://www. ascap. com/ace/ACE
ASCAP's ACE on the Web ACE is a database of song titles licensed by ASCAP in the United States, searchable by title, writer, performer, or publisher.
BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.) BMI calls its Internet song title database "Hyperrepertoire." Searchable by song title or song writer, with writer and publisher information on songs licensed by BMI.
SESAC SESAC is another music licensing organization like ASCAP and BMI. Their online index is called SESAC Repertory Online,

9. Questions About The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The surrender of balance to control (copyright owner has all control).
The surrender of public interest to private interest (the matter of the public good from creativity).
The surrender of republican deliberation within the nation-state to unelected multilateral nongovernmental bodies. (World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Association).
The surrender of culture to technology (the “electronic lock” unfettered by public deliberation).
From Vaidhyanathan (pp )