1. The Holocaust
I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented.
- Elie Wiesel

2. Raphael Lemkin & Genocide
drafting the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
Coined the word genocide in 1943 or 1944 from the rooted words genos (Greek for family, tribe, or race) and -cide (Latin for killing).

3. Stages of Genocide Classification Symbolization Dehumanization
Organization
Polarization
Concentration
Extermination
Denial

4. Pre-War Distribution of Jews

5. Targets
Nuremburg Laws
Propaganda

6. Dehumanization

7. Targeting

8. Persecution
Nazis targeted other individuals and groups in addition to the Jews:
Gypsies (Sinti and Roma)
Homosexual men
Jehovah’s Witness
Handicapped Germans
Poles
Political dissidents
Teacher will now instruct and lead students in the “Other Victims” cooperative Learning Activity.

9. Persecution
Kristallnacht was the “Night of Broken Glass” on November 9-10, 1938
Germans attacked synagogues and Jewish homes and businesses

10. T-4 Euthanasia Program
The aryanization process went full speed ahead with the beginning of the war in September 1939.
The authorization of the “euthanasia program” or T-4, put into practice of system of killing “lives unworthy of living.”
These individuals were those who were handicapped or had some mental or physical disability.
This is an important point of fact because if the state could justify killing “those unworthy of living,” in this case the disabled, then if they portray other groups, such as the Jews as, “those unworthy of living,” then their death could be justified.

11. U.S. and World Response
The Evian Conference took place in the summer of 1938 in Evian, France.
32 countries met to discuss what to do about the Jewish refugees who were trying to leave Germany and Austria.
Despite voicing feelings of sympathy, most countries made excuses for not accepting more refugees.

12. U.S. and World Response
The SS St. Louis, carrying refugees with Cuban visas, were denied admittance both in Cuba and in Florida. After being turned back to Europe, most of the passengers perished in the Holocaust.

13. Ghettoization
The Nazis aimed to control the Jewish population by forcing them to live in areas that were designated for Jews only, called ghettos.
Ghettos were established across all of occupied Europe, especially in areas where there was already a large Jewish population.

14. Ghettos
Many ghettos were closed by barbed wire or walls and were guarded by SS or local police.
Jews sometimes had to use bridges to go over Aryan streets that ran through the ghetto.

15. Ghettos
Life in the ghettos was hard: food was rationed; several families often shared a small space; disease spread rapidly; heating, ventilation, and sanitation were limited.
Many children were orphaned in the ghettos.

16. Deportation to the Camps

17. Einsatgruppen
Einsatzgruppen were mobile killing squads made up of Nazi (SS) units and police.
They killed Jews in mass shooting actions throughout eastern Poland and the western Soviet Union.
The most horrific of all mass murders in the East happened at Babi Yar outside of Kiev.
Estimates indicate over 60,000 people were massacred by the Einstagruppen, and around 33, 000 of them were Jews

18. Wannsee Conference
On January 20, 1942, 15 high-ranking Nazi officials met at the Wannsee Conference to learn about how the Jewish Question would be solved.
The Final Solution was outlined by Reinhard Heydrich who detailed the plan to establish death camps with gas chambers.
Teacher will now show the clip from “Conspiracy.”

19. Final Solution
Death camps were the means the Nazis used to achieve the “final solution.”
Primitive freight train cars were used to transport victims to the camps. Some victims were in these cars for days or even weeks at a time. There was poor ventilation, no bathrooms, and very little if any food.
There were six death camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Belzec.

20. Final Solution
In Auschwitz and Majdanek “Zyklon B” pellets, which were a highly poisonous insecticide, supplied the gas.
Before going into the “showers” women’s hair was shaved off and saved for the war effort.
After the gassings, prisoners removed hair, gold teeth and fillings from the Jews before the bodies were cremated or buried in mass graves.

21. The Major Camps

22. Auschwitz
Auschwitz where selection occurred

23. Camp Pictures

24. Medical Experiments
Prisoners were subjected to medical experiments which included those meant to keep Jews infertile or experiments to help develop better knowledge for soldiers.
All experiments were cruel and unjust
The most infamous Nazi doctor is Josef Mengele.
His work was with genetics and would always pull twins and those who suffered from dwarfism aside to perform studies and experiments.
His nickname was the “Angel of Death.”
C.A.N.D.L.E.S. is an organization created that is on the internet which helps victims known as “Mengele’s Twins” find each other today

25. Resistance
The White Rose movement was founded in June 1942 by Hans Scholl, 24-year-old medical student, his 22-year-old sister Sophie, and 24-year-old Christoph Probst.
The White Rose stood for purity and innocence in the face of evil.
In February 1943, Hans and Sophie were caught distributing leaflets and were arrested.
They were executed with Christoph 4 days later.

26. Resistance Other famous acts of resistance include:
the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Uprising)
Sobibor escape
(Escape from Sobibor)
Sonderkommando blowing up Crematorium IV at Birkenau (The Grey Zone)
Jewish partisans who escaped to fight in the forests. (Defiance)

27. Resistance
The Kindertransport (German for "children's transport") was an organized rescue effort that took place during the nine months prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Free City of Danzig.

28. Aftermath
Soviet soldiers were the first to liberate camp prisoners on July 23, 1944, at Majdanek in Poland.
British, Canadian, American, and French troops also liberated camp prisoners.
Troops were shocked at what they saw Many prisoners died even after liberation.

29. Aftermath
Many of the camp prisoners had nowhere to go, so they became “displaced persons” (DPs).
These survivors stayed in DP camps in Germany, which were organized and run by the Allies.
Initially, the conditions were often very poor in the DP camps.

30. Aftermath
Jewish displaced persons, eager to leave Europe, pushed for the founding of a Jewish state in British-controlled Palestine.
U.S. President Harry Truman issued an executive order allowing Jewish refugees to enter the United States without normal immigration restrictions.

31. The Survivors
Read their stories, hear their tales, always remember so this will never happen again….
Unfortunately it has happened again…in the Sudan, Rwanda, Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia…..more people need to stand up for intervention and what is right….