1. History/Theories Research
Chapter 1
History/Theories
Research

2. Is Development... _____________? _________________?
Infants and children respond to the world the same as adults, but more simply.
Development is gradual change.
_________________?
Infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Development is in stages.

3. Nature or Nurture? Nurture Nature _______________ factors
Change is possible
Nature
Genetic factors/________
________
Individuals characteristics will remain consistent

4. Lifespan View of Development
Figure The Lifespan View of Development

5. Periods of Development
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and Toddlerhood
Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood
2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood
6 to 11 years
Adolescence
11 to 18 years
Early Adulthood
18 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood
40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood
65 years to death

6. Views of Development Multiple Contexts ___________ influences
Events strongly related to age and predictable in when they occur and how long they last
____________ influences
Forces unique to a particular era, such as epidemics, wars, or economic depression
Irregular, unpredictable events that happen to just a few people

7. Theories of Development

8. Freud’s Theory Three Parts of the Personality _____
Present at birth; biological needs; immediate gratification
______
By early infancy; the conscious, rational part of personality; the mediator between id and superego
_________
Values of society and one's conscience

9. Psychosexual stages Oral 0-1 - focus is on stimulation of the _______
Anal focus is on ____________
_________ focus is on genital area
Oedipal complex: boy becomes attracted to mother
Electra complex: girl becomes attracted to father
_________ 6-11: halt in development
_________12 & above: mature sexual relationships

10. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust v. mistrust
Birth to 1 year
Autonomy v. shame and doubt
1–3 years
Initiative v. guilt
3–6 years
Industry v. inferiority
6–11 years
Identity v. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy v. isolation
Early adulthood
Generativity v. stagnation
Middle adulthood
Ego integrity v. despair
Late adulthood

11. Behaviorism & Social Learning
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus – Response
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcers and Punishments
Social Learning
Modeling

12. Cognitive theory Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (stages)
Sensorimotor (0-2): __________
_____________ (2-7): symbolic thought and play
____________-operational (7-11): organized reasoning; conservation
Formal-operational –11 and above: ______________________________

13. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Transmission of culture to a new generation
Values, beliefs, customs, skills
Social interaction necessary
Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society

14. Ecological Systems Theory
Figure Structure of the environment in ecological systems theory.

15. Research in Developmental Psychology

16. Research methods Systematic Observation Self -reports
Naturalistic observation - observe behavior in the natural environment.
Structured observation - ____________________
Self -reports
Clinical interview
surveys
_____________________ - in-depth study of an individual or small group

17. General Research Designs
______________
Reveals relationships between variables
Does NOT reveal cause-and-effect
______________
Allows cause-and-effect statements
Lab experiments may not apply in the real world.

18. Correlation Coefficients
Magnitude
Size of the number between 0 and 1
Closer to 1 (positive or negative) is a stronger relationship
Direction
Indicated by + or - sign
Positive (+): as one variable increases, so does the other
Negative (-): as one variable increases, the other decreases

19. (Experiment) Independent and Dependent Variables
Experimenter changes, or manipulates
Expected to cause changes in another variable.
Dependent
Experimenter measures, but does not manipulate
Expected to be influenced by the independent variable

20. Developmental Research Designs
Longitudinal
Same group studied
at different times
Cross-Sectional
Differing groups studied at the same time
Sequential
Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times