1. Chapter 4, Expansion and Flowering
History of the Community from about 700 to 1700CE

2. Muslim lands about 800 CE

3. Muslim Lands in 1250 and 1500 CE

4. The Spread of Islam: main phases
1. First phase – to c. 660 (end of the first fitna)
Syria, Iraq, most of Iran, Egypt and N. Africa to Tripoli (see previous session) 
2. Second phase – c. 660-c720
Rest of Iran, into Central Asia, Sind, rest of North Africa, Spain (see previous session)
3. Third phase – c
Anatolia/Balkans: (Fall of Constantinople)
Central Asia: further north
India: 1030( Lahore; Delhi, 1209) – c 1500
Southeast Asia: c 1290 – c 1550
Sub-Sahara Africa: 11th century – 16th century and continuing (parts of E. Africa earlier)  

5. Intrusions and retreats
Crusades:
Relatively unimportant at the time, more important for “Franks”
Mongols
Massive disruption; Mongols eventually converted and Islamicized
Spain
“Reconquista”; very important for Spain; less so for most of the Islamic world

6. Main dynasties Umayyads 660-750 Umayyads of Andalus 756-1031
Abbasids
Fatimids
Ghaznavids
Mamlukes
Saljuks
Mongols
Sultanate of Delhi 1206 (or 1209)-1526
Ottomans
Safavids
Mughuls

7. Table of dynasties from 7th century AD (1st H) to 16th century AD (10th H)

8. Main Ethnic Groups (esp. in central Islamic lands)
“O people, we have created you from a male and a female and made you nations and tribes, so that you may come to know each other. Certainly the most noble of you in God’s sight is the one who most fears Him. God is Wise and All-knowing.” (Qur’an 49:13) “We have made it a recitation (Qur’an) in Arabic so that you may understand.” (Qur’an 43:3)

9. Arab Persian Original Muslims Dominant through Umayyad period
Arabic continues the main language for ritual and scholarship.
Persian
Converted early
Persian ideas about government and administration influential from later Umayyad period on
Persian language and culture reasserts itself from 9th century on.
Becomes the main language of culture in Persian and Indian areas.
Important in Ottoman, Safavid and Moghal empires.
Important language for Sufism.

10. Turk Mongol Others include: Mamlukes in Abbasid empire from c 800.
Turkish dynasties: Saljuks, Ottomans, Uzbeks and others
Turkish becomes an administrative, literary and Sufi language
Mongol
Invaded Islamic lands. Converted to Islam
Il-Khans ruled to 1370
Continuing influence on government and culture
“Turco-Mongol” dynasties (e.g. Mughals)
Others include:
Berber (N. Africa and Andalus)
Kurd (e.g. Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi al-Takriti)
Circassian (from the Caucasus, many were Manlukes, esp in Egypt and Syria )
Indian ethnic groups
Malays
African ethnic groups

11. Outline of political History (Mainly the Central Lands) Later Umayyads
Administrative reforms.
More forceful control of tribes.
Independent scholars: of Qur’an, ḥadīth, beginnings of Fiqh, Kalam
Disaffection of mawālī and Arab tribes. 
Early Abbasids ( )
Capital shifted to Baghdad
Persian ways continue to be adopted
Administration more complex – wazīr (vizier)
Islamic high culture develops
Sunni collections of ḥadīth and basic works of fiqh
Miḥna: ‘ulamā’ authority strengthened
Translations of Greek philosophical works
Recruit Turkish Mamlukes (840-)
Caliphs lose effective power in provinces by 935

12. Ribat, Sousse, Tunisia. Founded in 821
Ribat, Sousse, Tunisia. Founded in 821. Ribats were forts and residences for warriors who both engaged on devotional practices and fought in jihad, defending the city (in this case from Christians on the other side of the Mediterranean) and propagating the faith within in the country.

13. Independent realms (some nominally recognized the Abbasid caliph):
Andalus ( )
Umayyads ( )
Egypt: Tulunids ( )
Iran (from 821):
Saffarids ( ) and Samanids (900-99) stimulate Persian culture.

14. Inside the Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Tulun, Cairo, 9th century
Inside the Mosque of Ahmad Ibn Tulun, Cairo, 9th century. Ibn Tulun, son of a Turkish slave, was governor of Egypt who and made himself effectively independent of the ‘Abbasids. Their continuing influence at another level is suggested by the minaret, which resembles and is said to have been consciously pattern on that of the Great Mosque of Samarra.

15. Shi‘i political movements
Hamdanids ( )
Buyids in Baghdad ( )
Qarmatis ( )
Fatimids (909 in Tunis / in Egypt)
Nizaris, “Assassins” ( , and after in different form)
Shi‘i scholarship begins to flourish (10th century)

16. Later Abbasid period (1055-1258)
Saljuk Turks effective rulers (sulṭāns) in Baghdad (1055)
Defeat Byzantines at Manzikert (1071)
Ghaznavids ( ) Afghanistan and Iran
Crusades ( )
Salah al-Din and Ayyubids ( ) in Egypt and Syria
Mamluks ( ) in Egypt and Syria
Building of madrasas

17. Chinggis Khan (d 1227) unified Mongols
Mongols and after
Chinggis Khan (d 1227) unified Mongols
Baghad taken 1258; defeated at ‘Ayn Jalut 1260.
Il-Khanids to 1336; lands then divided
Timur: conquests
Timurids (c c 1508)

18. Later Empires:
Ottoman 1281-
Take Constantinople 1453
Take Syria and Egypt
Beseiged Vienna 1529, 1683
Safavid ( ) in Iran, Shi‘i
Sultanate of Delhi
Mughals ( )
Akbar (r ) (cf. Elizabeth I of England, )
Aurangzeb (r )

19. God’s promise to the umma.
Power and glory belongs to God, and to His Messenger, and to the believers. (Qur’an 63:8)
You are the best nation (umma ) ever brought forth to humankind, commanding right conduct, forbidding indecency, and having faith in God. (3:110)
This promise appeared largely to have been fulfilled as of c Hijri (1592 CE)

20. Allegorical representation of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and the Safavid Shah ‘Abbas of Persia, Mughal, ca Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Purchase, F1945.9a

21. Reflections on the Mughal image:
Sense of confidence, stability and dominance
Mughal Emperor’s dominance over Safavid: relative size, position of lion and lamb
Western influence (?): cherubs, lion and lamb.