1. Organic Chemistry - Introduction
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It’s the most versatile element on the table!
Animals, plants, and other forms of life consist of organic compounds.
Nucleic acids, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins, and hormones are all organic compounds.
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Intro

2. Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen. (H)
There are two major categories of hydrocarbons Aliphatic (Without Benzene) and Aromatic (With Benzene)
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Section 14.2

3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight chain hydrocarbons without benzene rings. (Well talk more about those later)
Four major divisions:
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
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Section 14.3

4. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons
The have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.
Alkane general formula  CnH(2n + 2)
The names of alkanes all end in “-ane.”
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Section 14.3

5. Alkanes – What are they good for?
Methane = primary component of natural gas
Propane & Butane = primary component of bottled gas
Gasoline = pentane to decane
Kerosene = alkanes with n = 10 to 16
Alkanes with n > 16  diesel fuel, fuel oil, petroleum jelly, paraffin wax, lubricating oil, and asphalt
Alkanes are found in paints, plastics, drugs, detergents, insecticides, and cosmetics.
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Section 14.3

6. Hydrocarbon Naming System
The prefix for an alkane is important. It tells us how many carbons are connected in a chain inside the molecule. 1 Carbon = “Meth” 6 Carbons = “Hex” 2 Carbons = “Eth” 7 Carbons = “Hept” 3 Carbons = “Prop” 8 Carbons = “Oct” 4 Carbons = “But” 9 Carbons = “Non” 5 Carbons = “Pent” 10 Carbons = “Dec”
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7. How to draw an Alkane – 4 ways!
Structural formula – a graphical representation of the way atoms are connected
Condensed structural formula – save time/space and are convenient. Write like a formula.
CH3(CH2)4CH3
Carbon Skeleton formula– Removes the Hydrogens, which are assumed to be there.
Line Angle formula– fast to draw. All “bends” and “ends” are carbons. Hydrogen is assumed.
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Section 14.3

8. Models of Three Alkanes
Structural Formula
Condensed Formula
Ball and Stick Models
Line Formula
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Section 14.3

9. #1) Draw the structural formula for propane
#1) Draw the structural formula for propane. (Think Lewis Dot w/o the dots)
#2) Draw the condensed structural formula for butane. (Think Chemical formulas)
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10. Practice – Naming! #3) Name this Alkane: CH3(CH2)4CH3
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Section 14.3

12. Isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
In the case of many alkanes there is more than one way to arrange the atoms.
For example butane and isobutane.
Both of these alkanes have the molecular formula of C4H10 but their structural formula and arrangement is quite different.
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Section 14.3

13. Butane Isomer of Butane
C4H10
Structural Formula
Ball-and-Stick Model
C4H10
Structural Formula
Ball-and-Stick Model
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Section 14.3

14. Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated Alkenes: carbon-carbon double bonds
Molecules that have either double or triple bonds takes away from the maximum number of hydrogen possible.
Alkenes: carbon-carbon double bonds
Each double bond removes 2 hydrogens
Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Each triple bond removes 4 hydrogens

16. General formula is CnH2n “-ane” suffix changes to “-ene”
Alkenes
Members of the alkene group have a double bond between two carbon atoms.
General formula is CnH2n
“-ane” suffix changes to “-ene”
Said like the letter e
Section 14.3

17. Alkenes
When assigning numbers to the chain, the double bond gets priority. Give it the lowest number possible!
The number preceding the final name indicates the Carbon atom on which the double bond starts.

18. General formula is CnH2n-2 Suffix changes to “-yne”
Alkynes
Members of the alkyne group have a triple bond between two carbon atoms.
General formula is CnH2n-2
Suffix changes to “-yne”
Said like the word Pine
Section 14.3

19. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkenes and alkynes are similar to alkanes.
Step 1. Find the longest chain containing the double or triple bond. This will be the main parent chain. Pick the correct suffix by adding –ene or –yne to the end of the name.

20. Step 2: Number the carbon so the double or triple bond is the lowest carbon possible. They gets priority over all side chains!
The carbon number is based on where the multiple-bond STARTS
If the multiple bond is an equal distance from both ends, begin numbering at the end closest to the first branch point.

21. Step 3: Insert the carbon number where the multiple-bond is located either right before the parent chain name.
2-pentene

22. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene but-1-ene
CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene but-2-ene
CH3CCCH3 2-butyne but-2-yne