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Nervous System.

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Presentation on theme: "Nervous System."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nervous System

2 General Structure Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial nerves Carry impulses between the brain & the head & neck Exception: Vagus Nerve Spinal nerves Plexuses Plexus = large network of nerves Peripheral nerves

3 Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal & Cranial nerves are composed of: Sense receptors For sight, hearing, balance, smell, touch & Sensory (afferent) nerves Carry messages toward the spinal cord & brain Motor (efferent) nerves Travel from the spinal cord & brain to muscles, telling them how to respond

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5 Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system Function involuntarily or automatically Carries impulses away from the CNS to the glands, heart, blood vessels, & involuntary muscles (intestines, stomach, bladder) Autonomic nerves Sympathetic nerves Stimulate the body in times of stress & crisis Increase heart rate, dilate airways, increase BP, stimulate the adrenal glands, inhibit intestinal contractions Parasympathetic nerves Slow down heart rate, lower BP & stimulate intestinal contractions

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7 Neurons, Nerves, & Glial Cells
Individual nerve cell Ganglia Small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain & spinal cord

8 Synapse Space where the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to the other. Neurotransmitter Chemical substance that transfers the impulse Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins

9 Nerve Nerve Consists of a bundle of dendrites and axons that travel together like strands of rope Peripheral nerves Carry impulses to the brain (afferent or sensory nerves) Carry impulses from the CNS to organs (efferent or motor nerves)

10 Glial Cells (Neuroglial Cells)
Supportive, protective, and connective tissue of the CNS Glial cells are stromal (framework) tissue, whereas neurons carry nervous impulses Astrocytes Star-like apperance (astr/o = star) Transports water & salts between capillaries & neurons Microglial cells Protect neurons in response to inflammation Oligodendrocytes Few dendrites (olig/o = few or scanty) Form the myelin sheath in the CNS Ependymal cells Line membranes where cerbrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates

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12 The Brain Cerebrum Largest part of the brain. Cerebral cortex
Nerve cells lie in sheets on the surface of the cerebrum Gyri – folds in the sheets Sulci – grooves that separate the gyri Cerebral Hemispheres Divides the brain in right & left sides. Each divided into lobes Frontal Thought processes, behavior, personality, emotion Parietal Body sensations, visual & spatial perception Occipital vision Temporal Hearing, understanding, speech, language

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14 The Brain Thalamus Acts like a triage center. Decides what is important & what is not. Hypothalamus Contain neurons that control temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions (fear & pleasure). Regulates hormones from the pituitary gland

15 The Brainstem Lie in the back & below the cerebrum & connect the brain to the spinal cord Cerebellum Functions to coordinate voluntary movements & maintain balance & posture Pons Literally means bridge. Connects the cerebellum & cerebrum with the rest of the brain Medulla oblongata Connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain Regulates: Respiratory center: controls muscles of respiration Cardiac center: slows the heart rate if beats are too rapid Vasomotor center: constricts or dilates the blood vessels, influencing blood pressure

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17 The Spinal Cord & Meninges
Column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to L-2. Cauda Equina (Latin for “horse’s tail) is a fan of nerve fibers below the end of the spinal cord.

18 Spinal Cord Cross-Sectional View Gray matter
Containing cell bodies & dendrites White matter Containing the nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheaths

19 Meninges Three layers of connective tissue that surround the brain & spinal cord dura mater epidural subdural arachnoid subarachnoid space contains CSF pia mater blood vessels and lymph

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21 Pathology Maybe classified in the following categories Congenital
Neoplastic (tumors) Degenerative, movement, & seizure Traumatic Infectious (meningitis & encephalitis) Vascular (stroke)

22 Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida Spina bifida occulta
Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain Spina bifida Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect) Spina bifida occulta Vertebral defect is covered over & only evident on x-ray Meningocele Meniges protrudes to the outside Myelomeningocele Both spinal cord & meninges protrude

23 Degenerative, Movement, & Seizure Disorders
Alzheimer disease (AD) Brain disorder marked by gradual & progressive mental deterioration, personality changes, & impairment of daily living Epilepsy Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity Huntington disease Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements & mental deterioration. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS & its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

24 Infectious Disorders Herpes Zoster (shingles)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalopathy Brain disease & dementia occurring with AIDS

25 Neoplastic Disorders Brain Tumor
Abnormal growth of brain tissue & meninges Most arise from glial cells or the meninges

26 Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion
Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours Cerebral contusion Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

27 Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke Thrombotic – blood clot (thrombus) in the arteries leading to the brain Embolic – an embolus (dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries & occludes a small vessel Hemorrhagic - blood vessel breaks

28 Audionyms

29 Auto- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Auto
See the AUTOmatic car driving ITSELF Meaning self

30 Blephar- Audionym Visual image Meaning Blue fur
See the lady wearing BLUE FUR with EYELIDS Meaning eyelid

31 Cau-, caus Audionym Visual Image Meaning Cough See the COUGH the BURNS

32 Dacry-, lacrim- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Daiquiri
See the DAIQUIRI drink crying a tear Meaning tear

33 Dur- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Door
See the DOOR with the HARD hat on it. Meaning Hard, dura mater

34 Hemi- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Hemisphere
See the HEMIsphere in HALF Meaning Half

35 Kerat- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Carrot
See the CARROT being used as HORNS Meaning Horny, horny tissue, cornea

36 Mening- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Manage
See the MANAGER managing MEN’S BRAINS Meaning membrane

37 Ment- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Mint
See the person picking up the MINT saying “MINE, MINE” Meaning mind

38 Neuro- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Nero
See NERO being very NERVOUS as Rome burns Meaning Nerve (nervous system)

39 Ophthalm-, ocul- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Up thumb
See the UP THUMB (thumbs up) with an EYE on top Meaning eye

40 Phren- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Friend
See the people pulling on the FRIEND saying, “MINE! MINE! MINE!” Meaning mind

41 Radic-, radicul- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Radish
See the RADISH it’s a ROOT Meaning Root, nerve root

42 Semi- Audionym Visual Image Meaning Semi colon
See the SEMI-colon cut in HALF Meaning Half

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