1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. The study of reactions that take place in the nucleii of atoms
Nuclear Chemistry
The study of reactions that take place in the nucleii of atoms

3. In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

4. A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes
Radioactive Nucleii
A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes

5. Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number
Isotopes
Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

6. Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons
Isotopes
Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

7. All elements have at least one radioactive isotope
Isotopes
All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

8. Radiation
The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nucleii

9. Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission
Positron emission
K-electron capture

10. Name five types of radiation
Drill:
Name five types of radiation

11. Penetration power: small
Alpha Particle (a)
Helium nucleus
2 protons & 2 neutrons
mass = 4 amu
charge = +2
Penetration power: small

12. Penetration power: medium
Beta Particle (b)
High speed electron
1 electron
mass = 1/1836 amu
charge = -1
Penetration power: medium

13. Penetration power: great
Gamma Ray (g)
High energy photon
Electromagnetic wave
mass = 0
charge = 0
Penetration power: great

14. Penetration power: medium
Positron (p)
Positive electron
1 positive electron
mass = 1/1836 amu
charge = +1
Penetration power: medium

15. The capture of an inner level e- by the nucleus
K-capture
The capture of an inner level e- by the nucleus
1 electron
mass = 1/1836 amu
charge = -1

16. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 24He or 24a Beta: -10e or –10b Gamma: 0 0 
Positron: +10e
K-electron: -10e

17. Fission
The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nucleii involving the release of energy

18. Fusion
The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

19. Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another
Transmutation Rxns
Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

20. Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed
Transmutation Rxns
Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

21. Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

22. Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles
Transmutation Rxns
Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles

23. Transmutation Rxns b emission of Pm-142 a emission of U-238
K-capture by O-15
p addition of O-18

24. a emission of U-238 followed by two separate b emissions:
Transmutation Rxns
a emission of U-238 followed by two separate b emissions:

25. a bombardment of Th-234 followed by two separate b emission:
Transmutation Rxns
a bombardment of Th-234 followed by two separate b emission:

26. a Neutron absorption by U-238 followed by two separate b emission:
Predict Products
a Neutron absorption by U-238 followed by two separate b emission:

27. a emission of O-18 followed by a
Predict Products
a emission of O-18 followed by a
b emission:

28. K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then a emission
Predict Products
K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then a emission

29. The rate at which a radioactive nucleus breaks down
Decay Rate
The rate at which a radioactive nucleus breaks down

30. The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nucleii to decompose
Half-Life
The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nucleii to decompose

31. Decay Rate Rate = kdX/dt ln(Xo/X) = kt1/2 k = 0.693/t1/2
t1/2 = half-life

32. Drill:
Predict the products in each step when B-12 goes through a bombardment followed by b emission.

33. 1st Order Age Dating Formula
t = ln(Xi/Xf)t1/2
0.693

34. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0
Calculate the age of a skeleton found with % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t1/2 C-14 = 5720 yr

35. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0
Calculate the age of a tooth found with % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t1/2 C-14 = 5720

36. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0
Calculate the age of a bone found with % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t1/2 C-14 = 5720

37. Mass-Energy Relations
DE = Dmc2

38. Nuclear Fact
The mass of any nuclei is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

39. The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:
Nuclear Fact
The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:
DE = Dmc2

40. Binding Energy
The energy that holds a nucleus together which corresponds to Dm of nucleus

41. In an atomic bomb, 40. 00 kg of U-235 (235
In an atomic bomb, kg of U-235 ( ) is split into Ba-144 ( ) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the g ray

42. Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions