1. APES 1/3
Take out your soil lab (on notebook paper) and Chapter 10 Reading Guide
Get a computer

2. Odds and Ends Missing many Plate Tectonics notes and Ch. 8 RG (p.3)
Chapter 10 RG is due today
Chapter 7 Open-Note Test (12/14)
No retakes, as it was open-note
Biggest takeaways: learn the formulas, stick the landing on the FRQ

3. Major Categories of Land Use
Forestry
Grazing
Crops
Special Use (wilderness areas, military)
Urban/suburban
Mining- mixed into special use, grazing, forests

4. Visualizing Land Use

5. Learning Sequence Soils and mining for resources (Ch. 8)
Land-use principles (Ch. 10)- grazing, forests, special use areas, urban planning
Croplands (Ch. 9)

6. Soil Formation and Properties

7. Soil Formation

8. Soil Profile O
Eluviation/Zone of Leaching – water percolates down the soil, transporting materials. Happens in Horizons A & E A E
Illuviation/Zone of Accumulation – where transported materials are deposited. Happens in Horizon B. B C

9. Soil Lab Components Soil Texture (set up last time; do today)
Soil porosity (done last time)
Soil permeability (do today)
Soil pH (do today)
Answer all questions asked for on the lab handout.
Write your answers on notebook paper.

10. Gone last time?
Intro: Summarize the three soil types and their relative ability to create a healthy environment.
Test 2: Soil Porosity (percent pore space)
Read the background and answer:
- What is porosity and why is it important?
- What is a rock type with high porosity? Low porosity?

11. Soil Texture- follow the direction of the outer lines!
Find
40% Sand
45% Silt
15% Clay
Loam
Mixture of all 3
Really only need to find 2 of the 3 points. 3rd point acts as a clarifier
Sandy loam would be a mixture of all 3, that has a significantly higher percentage of sand

12. Soil Properties Notes

13. Texture/Particle Size
Biggest  Smallest
Sand, Silt, Clay
Fine particles have higher cohesion; that’s why water can’t get through clay as well

14. Other Physical Properties
You should know porosity and permeability using the lab as the teaching tool.
Porosity = how much water soil holds; permeability = how fast water flows through

15. Chemical Properties 1. pH
2. Cation Exchange Capacity = ability of soil to absorb/release pos. charged ions (cations)
Plants need Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Clay has a high CEC (b/c of neg. particles)
BUT if there’s too much clay, it absorbs water and drowns plant roots
FYI, humus also has high CEC

16. Chemical Properties 3. Base Saturation = ratio of base: acid in soil
Bases are acceptors of extra H+; high ratio means lots of bases present to take in extra H+ from acids that might harm plant roots
We have lots of limestone in NW soil to counteract acids (high base saturation)

17. Soil and Mining
We know that good soil provides vital ecosystem services
Unfortunately, we also know that the bedrock under it can hold very valuable ores…

19. Minerals and Ores
Earth’s crust is 88% iron, silicon, aluminum, and oxygen
Valuable, rarer elements are found in uneven clusters because of variable distribution of rock types
Mineral = naturally occurring, crystalline solid
Ore = valuable, concentrated accumulation of minerals in rocks

20. Important Ores
Metallic minerals- valuable for ability to conduct electricity, structural purposes, etc. (i.e, copper, gold, lead, rare earth metals for batteries)
Salt, sand
Fossil fuels (carbon-based)

21. MANGANESE
COAL
IRON
MICA

22. What do we mine for? Energy Metallic Non-metallic Ferrous Non-ferrous
Limestone
Coal
Iron
Gold
Nitrate
Petroleum
Manganese
Silver
Potash
Natural Gas
Chromite
Copper
Dolomite
Pyrite
Lead
Mica
Tungsten
Bauxite
Gypsum
Nickel
Tin
Cobalt
Magnesium

23. Mining Homework
Copper Mine Virtual Tour Assignment (Google classroom)