3. Early city-state civilization on Indus River Religion Taken over by Aryans 1500 BCE : Animism Grid like streets (elements of central government) Agricultural technology: irrigation Writing system- not deciphered Standardized weights and measures

4. Hellenism: Greek with other interactions (cultures) included

5. Begins after fall of Alexander the Great India's 1 st centralized empire: conquered most of India; southern region resisted Large armyinfantry, cavalry, bureaucratic administration (taxes, census) Standard coinage throughout empire trade expansion in empire Economy: agriculture, esp. near rivers, shipbuilding, government controlled mines, manufacture of weapons Dhows were used in the IOMS thriving IOMS trade (Gujarat coastwestern India) Greatest ruler Ashoka- converts to Buddhism after seeing aftermath of terrible battle; est. just legal code (see Wheel of Law) Asokas Buddhist philosophy preached morality, moderation, and religious tolerance Falls in 184 CE due to pressure and attacks from the north and west

6. S: Convert from Buddhism back to Hinduism Most women lost right to own or inherit property; sati ritual developed but Women of high status better lifestyle, trained in arts P: Subordinate kingdoms- made payments; administrative bureaucracy: (taxes); powerful army I: Reached across Northern and Central India, west to Punjab, east to Bengal, north to Kashmir, south to Deccan Plateau C: Golden Age: Concept zero, Arabic numerals, brain surgery E: Early IOMS trade routes with Arabian peninsula Coined money= way of exchange

7. Post Classical Era Could fire cross bows on moving horses due to iron stirrups Muslims who conquered Hindu India violently Muslim /Hindu conflicts Justification Muslims monotheism vs. Hindu polytheism Sultan Raziya Gujarati; briefly held Southern tip of Indian peninsula Gujarat prospered during rise of Delhi sultanate Peasants paid 50% of harvest taxes

8. Akbars Divine Faith = syncretism of beliefs Taj Mahal (tomb for Akbars wife) Outlawed Sati Begins in age of exploration and into age of Revolutions Aurangzebs intolerance instability and weakening of Mughal India Ends because of Sepoy Rebellion (cow fat) Founded by Babur Akbar eliminate tax on Hindus

9. British Domination divided religious group Different voting qualifications for Hindus and Muslims 1906 All India Muslim league (Muslims scared of Hindu dominance) Age of revolutions Many obtain sense of national autonomy Ruled by viceroy apt by government Country administers by Indian civil service Encouraged railroads, harbors, telegraphs Discouraged cotton/steel industries Limit training of Indian engineers 1885 Indian National congress Viceroy lord Curzon divided Bengal in two Little political representation Encouraged infrastructure beneficial to British

10. Sepoys rebellion 1857 (gun cartridge greased with pig/cow fat-mutiny-India British Rail Indian National Congress 1885 9upperclass Hindus call for Indian self rule Amritsar massacre 1919 (Sikh's protest- troops ordered to fire-400 deadPoint of View of British Imperialism) Gandhi (did not support nationalist move until Massacre) Salt March 1930 9indian declaration of independence) India/ Pakistan in 1947 Gandhi- joined Indian National congress (became appealed to poor) Leader of Indian independent movement Nonviolence, peaceful protests civil disobedience, fasting Nehru took over Indian national congress after Gandhi died Salt march 1930