1. Risk Factors for Higher Cost in Congenital Heart Operations
Ross M Ungerleider, A.Resai Bengur, Amy L Kessenich, Richard J Liekweg, Ellen M Hart, Beth A Rice, Coleen E Miller, Nancy W Lockwood, Sheryl A Knauss, James Jaggers, Stephen P Sanders, William J Greeley 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 64, Issue 1, Pages (July 1997)
DOI: /S (97)

2. Fig. 1
Cost (in dollars; on the ordinate) for various cost allocation categories (abscissa). Data includes both direct and indirect cost and enables comparison between groups for each category. (ASD = atrial septal defect; AV = atrioventricular; CARD SVC = cardiologic services; DIAG SVC = diagnostic services; EMERG & TRANS = emergency and transport; HOSP LAB = hospital laboratory; INPAT = inpatient; ORG ACQ = organ acquisition; OTH = other; PHARM = pharmacy; PHYS THER = physical therapy; RAD SVC = radiologic services; RESP = respiratory; SURG SVC = surgical services; TOF = tetralogy of Fallot; VSD = ventricular septal defect.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , 44-49DOI: ( /S (97) )

3. Fig. 2
Mean total cost bars and the line of standard deviation are shown for several representative groups. Standard deviation of more than 60% mean total cost defines a group with high (financial) risk. (ASD = atrial septal defect; AV = atrioventricular; LOS = length of stay; TOF = tetralogy of Fallot; VSD = ventricular septal defect.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , 44-49DOI: ( /S (97) )

4. Fig. 3
Mean total cost bars for groups of patients undergoing ventricular septal defect closure. This graph emphasizes the fact that the cost of ventricular septal defect closure can vary depending on factors that are identifiable preoperatively (length of stay [LOS] < 4 days versus LOS > 7 days, p = 0.008; age < 6 months versus Age > 2 years, p = 0.008; Down’s syndrome versus no Down’s syndrome, p = 0.05). (S.D. = standard deviation.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , 44-49DOI: ( /S (97) )