1. Cellular Energy

2. Why do you get hungry?

3. Why do you get hungry?
Feeling hungry is your body’s way of telling you your cells need energy.
All cells need a constant supply energy to stay alive.

4. All Cells Need Energy!!!!!!! Why do you get hungry?
Feeling hungry is your body’s way of telling you your cells need energy.
All cells need a constant supply energy to stay alive.
Where does that energy come from??????

5. Food Chains

6. The sun is the ultimate source of all energy needed to fuel the chemical activities of cells. Most food chains begin with the process of photosynthesis.

7. A. Photosynthesis – Process that converts the sun’s energy into sugars for plant cells.
Plants and algae are producers (or autotrophs) which means they use energy from the sun to create food

8. A. All cells use chemical energy
A. All cells use chemical energy. Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms of every molecule
B. Plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy by creating molecules of glucose.

9. C. Plants use some of the chemical energy (glucose) they create to make ATP (energy) for their own cells

10. D. The rest of the chemical energy (glucose) is stored in the plant’s tissues and is eaten by consumers
E. The cells of organisms must be able to release the chemical energy that is stored in the bonds of glucose

11. Food Chains

12. Energy Pyramid- Shows Energy Lost as You Move up a Food Chain

13. In the space provided, explain in your own words why the sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth.

14. Producers (plants and plant-like protists) use energy from the sun during photosynthesis
to make sugar (food / glucose).
This sugar now becomes a source of energy for the plants and the consumers that eat the plants.

15. 1. All food chains begin with
Decomposers
Consumers
Producers
Herbivores

17. Eukaryotic Plant Cell

18. II.How does this process begin?
Chloroplast- organelle that performs photosynthesis reaction
B. Pigments- molecules in the chloroplast that absorb sunlight
Chlorophyll – green; main pigment
Carotenoids- yellow to orange; extra pigments that are responsible fall colors

20. C. photosynthesis reaction – 6CO + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Carbondioxide + water + light  Glucose Oxygen)

21. Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide (6C02)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Sun Light
Water (6H2O)
Oxygen (6O2)
Chloroplast
Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy Glucose + Oxygen
6H2O CO light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

22. Photosynthesis

23. Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and water Oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. Along with sunlight, what do plants and algae take in to carry out photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and water
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 2

24. 3. What do plants and algae produce during the process of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and water
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 3

25. 4. In which organelle does the process of photosynthesis occur in?
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Ribosome
Chloroplast

26. Cellular Energy Part Two
Cellular Respiration

27. Cellular Energy
All cells need energy in order to survive and reproduce.
Today, we are going to continue our discussion about how cells obtain the energy that they need.

28. Photosynthesis

29. Photosynthesis Summary
In the process of photosynthesis, producers like plants and algae use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy  Glucose + Oxygen

31. Cellular Respiration
Cells use cellular respiration to release the energy stored in the glucose (occurs in the mitochondria)
Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration is a process that changes starting materials into new products.

32. B. Cellular respiration reaction = C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
I. Cellular Respiration – process that allows organisms to get energy for their cells from glucose.
Mitochondria – organelle that performs cellular respiration. Plant and animal cells have mitochondria.
B. Cellular respiration reaction =
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose oxygen  carbondioxide + water + energy

33. Cellular Respiration Mitochondria
Oxygen (6O2)
Carbon Dioxide (6CO2)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Water (6H2O)
Energy (ATP)
Mitochondria
Glucose + Oxygen ATP + Water + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O ATP + 6 H2O + 6 CO2

34. 1. What do cells take in during the process of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Water and glucose
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 1

35. 2. What do cells produce during the process of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Water and glucose
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on #2

36. Mitochondria Golgi Body Ribosome Chloroplast
3. In which organelle does the process of cellular respiration occur in?
Mitochondria
Golgi Body
Ribosome
Chloroplast

37. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Glucose
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Chloroplast
Water
Cellular Respiration
Mitochondria
ATP

38. In your own words, describe how the chloroplast and the mitochondria work together

39. Fermentation
Unicellular organisms like bacteria and some species of fungi rely on fermentation to release the energy stored in glucose.

45. Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
I. Fermentation – getting energy from food without oxygen – occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation - produces alcohol; Bacteria and yeast eat sugar and release alcohol as waste. Used to make bread, yogurt, cheese, pickles, beer, and wine. Fermentation is what gives some foods their unique flavor.
C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH CO ATP
Glucose  ethyl alcohol carbon dioxide + cellular energy

46. 2. Lactic acid fermentation - Produce lactic acid; Runners Burn  muscle cells that don’t get enough oxygen switch to fermentation in order to get energy; lactic acid builds up and causes burning sensation

47. 1. Why do human cells switch from cellular respiration to fermentation?
To produce larger quantities of ATP
To produce larger quantities of glucose
They are not getting enough oxygen
They are not getting enough carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 1

48. 2. Describe a situation that has caused your cells to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation.

49. Describe a situation that has caused your cells to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation.
Strenuous Exercise!

50. Where does fermentation occur within the cell?
The mitochondria
The cytoplasm
The chloroplast
The cell membrane

51. Eukaryotic Plant Cell

52. Eukaryotic Plant Cell
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration

54. Fermentation
Cellular respiration

55. Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Function

56. Convert sunlight into glucose Convert Glucose into ATP
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Function
Convert sunlight into glucose
Convert Glucose into ATP

57. Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
What does it use?

58. Sunlight Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Oxygen
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
What does it use?
Sunlight
Water
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Oxygen

59. Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
What does it produce?

60. Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water ATP Alcohol or lactic acid
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
What does it Produce?
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
ATP
Alcohol or lactic acid

61. Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Where does it take place within the cell?

62. Chloroplast Mitochondria Cytoplasm
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Where does it take place within the cell?
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

63. Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Which type of organisms use this process?

64. Plants Algae Some types of bacteria All organisms Bacteria Fungi
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Which type of organisms use this process?
Plants
Algae
Some types of bacteria
All organisms
Bacteria
Fungi
Animals

65. Food Chains

66. Complex organisms, like plants, are organized in the following way:
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

67. Plant life begins with a CELL:

68. A group of similar cells working together make a TISSUE:

69. A combination of two or more tissues that work together make an: ORGAN

70. A group of organs working together make an: ORGAN SYSTEM

71. Organ systems working together to create something that can live on its own is an: ORGANISM

72. Gregor Mendel studied pea plants and discovered many of the principles
involved w/ heredity

73. Plants reproduce both
asexually and sexually

74. In asexual reproduction, there is only one parent and all offspring are identical to
the parent

75. Asexual reproduction in Plants:

76. In sexual reproduction, there are two parents and the offspring inherit traits
from each parent

77. Sexual Reproduction in Plants:

78. The sets of instructions an offspring receives from parents are known
The sets of instructions an offspring receives from parents are known as genes, different forms of the
same gene are called alleles.

79. Chromosomes and Genes

80. Chromosomes

81. Genes

82. Alleles can be dominant (B) or
recessive. Dominant genes will
be expressed whenever present
(BB or Bb)

83. Recessive genes (b) can ONLY be
expressed when two are
present (bb)

84. These genes are located on chromosomes on the DNA in the
nucleus of all eukaryotic cells

85. Meiosis is the process used by
eukaryotic cells to make new
sex cells

86. Meiosis

87. At the end of meiosis, 4 new cells
are created with ½ the number
of chromosomes as the parent
cell

88. Mitosis – is the process of
cell (nuclear) division in w/
one parent cell divides to
create 2 new, identical
cells (used by body cells)

90. Mitosis

91. Selective breeding or genetic engineering can produce plants with
desired traits (seedless watremelons)

92. Genetic Engineering

93. Some scientists think that plants evolved over time from ancient plant-like
protists and cyanobacteria