1. Journal #5
Tributary – a smaller stream that flows into a larger stream
Estuary – where a river meets an inlet of the sea
Wetlands – areas covered by water for at least part of the year
Industrialization – the process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area (this is one major difference between rich countries and poor countries)

2. The Hydrosphere

3. Bonus Questions
Why does the Upper Peninsula in Michigan get a lot of snow?
What type of climate does Florida have?
What is the tallest mountain in the United States?
What is the tallest mountain in Wyoming?

5. Surface Water
Is water located above the ground in a river, lake, or ocean
The smallest streams are called headwaters
Any smaller stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river is called a tributary
An entire region drained by a river and its tributaries is called a watershed or drainage basin
Surface water is also found in estuaries, where a river meets an inlet of the sea and wetlands which are areas covered by water for at least part of the year

6. Estuary
Wetland

7. Drainage Basin

8. The Mississippi River Watershed

9. The Mississippi River Watershed
Is the largest watershed in the United States
Water from 31 states and 2 Canadian provinces drains into the Mississippi Watershed
It drains 41 percent of the lower 48 states
The water from the N. Platte River would end up in the Mississippi River and eventually the Gulf of Mexico – BUT most of the water is used for irrigation in Nebraska and Wyoming

10. Groundwater Water that is found beneath the ground
The level to which the underground water fills all of the available spaces is called the water table
When too much water is taken from a water table, it can cause the ground to settle or collapse, damaging buildings, roads, and other structures

11. Groundwater

12. Groundwater in the United States

13. The Ogallala Aquifer AKA the High Plains Aquifer
One of the world’s largest underground aquifers
It covers 174,000 square miles and parts of 8 states
South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
It provides 30% of the nations irrigation water
Problem: how do we preserve this resource?
Recharge of this aquifer is only 10% of what is used annually

14. Ogallala Aquifer
Some people think that this will be gone within 25 years

15. Edwards Aquifer One of the most prolific aquifers in the world
Naturally recharges due to the many rivers that flow into a fault in the area
San Antonio was made possible by this resource and still gets most of its water from this aquifer
Texas Blind Salamander ->

16. Economic Geography

17. What Makes Up an Economy?
Primary Activities use natural resources directly
Location: at the site of the natural resource
Examples include wheat farming and iron mining
Secondary Activities use raw materials to produce or manufacture something new
Location: close to the resource or close to the market for the finished product
There are labor, energy, and land costs that affect the location
Examples include processing wheat into flour and manufacturing steel

18. Types of Economic Activities
Tertiary Activities provide services to people and businesses
Location: near customers
Examples include bakeries and car dealerships
Quaternary Activities process and distribute information
Location: anywhere
Access to skilled workers, good transportation and communication systems, and places with a high quality of life affect location
Examples include plant genetics research and automotive engineering

19. Secondary Activities
Primary Activities
Quaternary Activities
Tertiary Activities

20. Economic Systems There are 3 basic types of economic systems
Traditional or subsistence economy
The most basic type of economic system
People make goods for themselves and for their families
Little surplus or exchange of goods
Market economy
People freely choose what to buy and sell
Guided by the free enterprise system which lets competition among businesses determine the price of products
Supply and demand
Capitalism – businesses and resources are privately owned

21. Economic Systems Command Economy
The government decides what to produce, where to make it, and what price to charge
Prices are not based upon the market forces of supply and demand
Communism – government owns or controls almost all the means of production
Examples include Cuba and North Korea

22. Level of Development
Development refers to improvements in a country’s economy and in its citizen’s quality of life
We measure development by looking at a country’s GNP, GDP, level of industrialization, and standard of living

23. Gross National Product
GNP is the total value of goods and services that a country produces in a year. It includes goods and services made by businesses owned by the country’s citizens but located in foreign lands.

24. Gross Domestic Product
GDP includes only the goods and services created within the country. GDP can be divided by the number of people living in the country in order to compare the income levels of different countries.

25. Industrialization
Is the process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area.
In industrialized countries, many people work in manufacturing, service, and information industries.
In other countries, most people work in primary economic activities such as farming.

26. Standard of Living
Measured by factors such as the amount of personal income, levels of education, food consumption, literacy rate, quality of health care, technology level, and life expectancy

28. Developed vs. Developing Countries
Developed countries are the richest countries and have high levels of industrialization and a high standard of living. Less than 25% of the world’s people live in developed countries
Developing countries are the world’s poorer countries and have less productive economies and a lower standard of living. These countries have lower GDP’s, fewer schools, and often lack electricity