1. The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2
Part 2

2. II. Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry Biosynthesis
Living things putting together substances
Scientists have been trying to create life
They’ve made simple proteins
Is this morally acceptable?

3. 2. Organic compounds a. Must have carbon in it b
2. Organic compounds a. Must have carbon in it b. Carbon covalently bonds c. Carbon can form straight and branched chains, rings, single, double, or triple bonds d. Provides A LOT of possibilities

5. e. Functions 1) Structural – help with cell walls/membrane 2) Enzymatic – enzymes 3) Storage – store energy f. 4 main groups (Table 2B-1 pg 58) 1) Carbohydrates

6. 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic acids 3
2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic acids 3. Carbs and Lipids 1) Carbohydrates a) Have C, H, O b) Store energy

7. c) Monosaccharides i. Simple sugars ii. Basic unit of carbs iii
c) Monosaccharides i. Simple sugars ii. Basic unit of carbs iii. Glucose – sugar from plants iv. Ribose and fructose

8. d) Disaccharides i. Monosaccharides joined together ii
d) Disaccharides i. Monosaccharides joined together ii. Dehydration synthesis – water is given off i) Sucrose – table sugar ii) Lactose – milk sugar

10. iii. Hydrolysis – disaccharides broken
iii. Hydrolysis – disaccharides broken down by water to make monosaccharide

11. e) Polysaccharides i. Large molecule of monosaccharides ii
e) Polysaccharides i. Large molecule of monosaccharides ii. Enzymes build or break them down iii. Starch – energy storage for plants iv. Glycogen – energy storage for animals

12. v. Cellulose i) In plant walls ii) Humans can’t digest iii) Why is it important?

13. vi. Chitin i) Hard coverings ii) Insects, lobsters, shrimp, clams, fingernails

14. 2) Lipids a) Intro i. Help with structure ii. Store extra energy iii
2) Lipids a) Intro i. Help with structure ii. Store extra energy iii. Can store 2x more energy than muscle iv. Semi-soluble

15. b) Fatty Acids i. Most abundant ii
b) Fatty Acids i. Most abundant ii. Has hydrophilic/phobic parts i) Hydrophilic – likes water ii) Hydrophobic – doesn’t like water

16. iii. Triglycerides i) Fats ii) Stores energy iii) Has 3 fatty acids iv) Saturated – single bonds, unhealthy, solid at room temp v) Unsaturated – double bonds, liquid

18. iv. Phospholipids i) Two fatty acid molecules ii) Makes cell membranes

19. 4. Proteins and Nucleic Acids a
4. Proteins and Nucleic Acids a. Proteins 1) Make a person unique 2) Needed for every function 3) C, H, O, N, plus others

20. 4) Amino acids a) Building blocks b) Organisms use 20 different a. a
4) Amino acids a) Building blocks b) Organisms use 20 different a.a. c) We can make 12 d) Order of a.a. = certain protein e) Held together by peptide bonds f) Forms a polypeptide chain

21. g) A.a. fold into a 3D shape h) If shape is broken = might not function

22. b. Nucleic Acids 1) Make DNA and RNA 2) Blue print for organisms

23. B. Enzymes Catalyst – lowers activation energy for reaction to occur
Enzyme – biological catalyst
All enzymes are catalysts, but not all catalysts are enzymes
Most are proteins
Speed up reaction or reduce activation energy required

24. d. “Energy coupons” – get services or products at a reduced cost

25. e. Disruption of homeostasis prevents enzymes from functioning (fever, hypo/hyperthermia) f. Function best in a small range of conditions g. Temp and pH changes break H-bonds h. Shape determines function

26. i. Lock and Key model
Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites.
The enzyme brings substrates together and weakens their bonds.
The catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.