1. Everything around you is
made up of
Matter.
What is Matter?
Matter – Anything that has mass and
takes up space.

2. It can exist as a solid, liquid, gas or plasma.
It may be possible to break some kinds of
matter down into other kinds of matter with
different properties. For example, water
(H2O) can be broken down into hydrogen
and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen in the
above example cannot be broken down any
further because they are elements.

3. Elements are substances made up of only one kind of atom.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by any chemical or physical means.
The smallest particles of an element that have the characteristics of that element are atoms
Elements are substances made up of only one kind of atom. .
How
did it
start?
Aristotle
Proposed the idea that all matter is made from Air, Fire, Water and Earth. Different combination of these led to different "stuff".

4. ____________________, Greek philosopher that was first
Democritus
____________________, Greek philosopher that was first
to understand and call the movement of particles atoms.
Democritus believed that if matter was divided to smaller pieces there would be a point in which it could not be divided further. He said matter was made of indivisible (cut in half continually and eventually you can’t cut anymore) particles called atoms “atomos”

5. ________ of the same element are exactly alike.
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
came from many experiments.
Compounds consist of atoms which combines in whole number ratios
The main parts were:
All ______________ are composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be divided or destroyed.
________ of the same element are exactly alike.
Atoms of different elements are different.
The atoms of two or more elements can join together to form ________________________.
elements
Atoms
compounds

6. Thomson’s model was next, stating that there were
small negative charged particles “________” evenly embedded throughout a positive sphere.
electrons
Cookie dough
Rutherford then came up with the idea that most of the __________ of an atom (and all its positive charges) were in a central atomic nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Empty space contains electrons
mass
Bohr hypothesized that electrons traveled in fixed
__________around the nucleus.
Chadwick, concluded that the nucleus contained positive ___________ and neutral ______________.
orbits
Fixed orbits
protons
neutrons
Today scientists believe that electrons do not follow fixed
paths, but rather occur in certain areas around the nucleus
At any given time. They are currently looking at the Quark Theory (there are an infinite number of possibilities for what makes matter.)
Electron Cloud
Order of discovery…..D D T R B C Did Dr. Thomson really bake cookies?

7. Protons and neutrons are located in a central area called the nucleus.
An atom is composed of subatomic particles. Three important kinds of subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. An exception is hydrogen which does not have neutrons.
mass
 charge 
protons
approx. 1 amu +
neutrons
electrons
  1/1836 amu  -
Protons and neutrons are located in a central area called the nucleus.
Electrons move about the nucleus. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

8. Protons = 2 up quarks + 1 down quark Neutrons = 2 down quarks + 1 up quark

9. It is more accurate to represent the space occupied by electrons as a cloud. The electrons are likely to be located somewhere within the cloud in an energy level.
The mass of subatomic particles is too
small to be conveniently measured in grams
so atomic mass units (amu) are used instead. One amu is approximately 1.7 X 10-24g. 
Protons and neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 amu. The mass of an electron is much less. The total mass of an atom is due mostly to the mass of protons and neutrons.

10. Charge is a state in which particles are either attracted to each other or they repel each other. Two particles that are attracted to each other have opposite charges (positive and negative). Particles that repel each other have the same charge; they are both either positive or they are both negative.
Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. Particles with positive charges are attracted to particles with negative charges. Two particles with the same charge (both positive or both negative) will repel each other.
Atoms are neutral. The number of electrons (negatively charged) is equal to the number of protons (positively charged), therefore the overall charge is zero.

11. The number of protons and neutrons together equal the______________.
Both are in the nucleus and this is where
most of the mass of an atom is. It takes
1,847 electrons to equal the mass of one
proton.
mass number
The number of protons tells you what type of atom you have. The
number of protons is equal to a number called ____________________.
Therefore if you know any one of the following, the name of the
element, the # of protons, or the atomic number, you can determine
the other two.
Atomic number
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object, and volume is the amount of space the object occupies.
Element Protons Atomic Number Neutrons Atomic Mass / #
Oxygen ___ ___
Nitrogen ___ ___
Boron ___ ___

12. The ______________________ of an atom is the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
If you know the mass number and the atomic number of an atom, you
can calculate the number of neutrons.
Number of neutrons = Mass Number minus Atomic Number
Mass Number
Not all the atoms of an element have the same number of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are
called _________________. Nearly all elements have isotopes, some of
which are radioactive. The mass of an element listed on the periodic
table is the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of that element.
Isotopes
They are most interested in carbon 13 and carbon 14 because these isotopes are radioactive. The longer a once living organism has been dead, the less radioactive it will be per gram of carbon. This gives archaeologists a way to determine the approximate age of the once living organism.
Carbon dating – Living organisms on Earth contain carbon. Carbon -12 makes up 99% of this carbon. Carbon-13 and carbon-14 make up the other one percent. Which isotopes are archaeologists most interested in when they determine the age of carbon-containing remains?

13. Because most elements have more than one isotope, each element has
an average atomic mass. The _______________________
of an element is the weighted-average mass of the mixture of its
isotopes.
Average Atomic Mass
How many electrons are found in a neutral atom of carbon? ________
What would the charge be on the carbon atom if it lost four electrons?
____________________________ How does neutron count affect atomic charge? _____________________
six
+ 4 ; protons = 6, electrons=2
It has no effect.