1. Introduction to Nursing
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Nursing
Learning Goal C: Identify the systems of a healthy body
HLT33115 Unit: HLTAAP001 - Recognise healthy body systems
Related Assessment: Task C

2. Recap - Systems

3. Musculoskeletal System and Nervous System Prac
Musculoskeletal System -is responsible for structural support (skeletal system) and movement of the body (muscular system)

4. Skeletal System
Skeletal Organs: Bones (made up of cells, protein fibre and minerals)
Skeletal Tissue: Connective tissue
Skeletal Cells: blood cells, fat cells, osteocytes
Molecules: Calcium matrix

5. Skeletal System - Acts some major ways: Support and protection
Movement
Haematopoiesis
Storage
Growth and Development

6. Support and Protection
Primary function is to protect body’s viatl organs i.e. skull protects the brain, ribcage protects the heart, spine protects the spinal cord.
The appendicular skeleton provide support and flexibility to joints and anchor muscles for movement.

7. The bones of the skeletal system act as attachement points. Two ways:
Movement
The bones of the skeletal system act as attachement points. Two ways:
pulling two or more bones closer or far apart
Joints which pivot

8. Haematopoiesis
'Red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells in a process known as haematopoiesis. Red bone marrow is found in the hollow space inside of bones known as the medullary cavity. Children tend to have more red bone marrow compared to their body size than adults do, due to their body’s constant growth and development.’ ( )

9. Growth and Development
Storage
-Storage of calcium ions (which are needed for muscular and nervous system fuction)
Growth and Development
can grow as the person gets older. At birth the person has over 300 bone and as they get older they have 206.

10. Skull - protects the brain
Vertebrate - protects the spinal cord and provides structural support with minimal movement
Cervical - Protects the neck and allows greater movement
Thoracic - Protects the upper back and creats structural support
Lumbar - Protects the lower back
Sacrum - fused structural movement
Coccyx
Sternum and ribs - provide pretection for the vital chest organs i.e. heart and lungs - allows minimal movement

11. Shoulder/arms/hands
Clavical holds the should to the vertebrate -
Humerus - large structure of the upper arm allows hing movement of the elbow
Ulna (pink side of lower arm) and Radius )thumb side of lower arm - allow for pronation of the lower arm and wrist
Carples/Metacarples and phalanges - allow for dexteristy in the hands
Pelvis- protects the vital reproductive and renal organs and acts as hing for the hip joint. Large amount of heamopoisis.
Femur- large structure of the upper leg allows hing movement of the knee
Fibula (outer side of lower leg) and Fibula (inside of lower leg- allow for pronation of the foot and ankle
Tarsles/MetaTarsles and phalanges - allow for dexteristy in the foot and toes

12. A healthy skeletal system therefore:
Bones in tact (hard on the outside and haematopoiesis on the inside)
Joints can move in their normal space without pain and issues
Allows for straight posture with no pain.

13. Musculoskeletal System
Muscular Organs: no organs in the musculoskeletal system
Muscular Tissue: skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue
Muscular Cells: skeletal muscle cells
Molecules: Proteins (sarcomeres) and actin

14. Muscular System - muscle cells and tissues are specifically designed for movement. Attaching to bones they can react to electronic stimuli from nerve cells causing them to contract (shorten) thus moving

15. Key Terms for normal muscle movement
Flexion - a bending that decreases the angle between the bones
Extension - a straightening to increase the angle between the bones

16. Masseter - chewing action
Rhomboid and Trapezius - Extension of the neck
Rectus abdominal - flexation of the torso
Deltoid - Extension of the arm
Biceps Brachii (flex the forarm) and Triceps
brachii (extends the forarm)
Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris (Flex the hand)
Extensor carpi radialis and Extensor carpi ulnaris (Flex the hand)
Extensor digitalis - Extension of the hands
Gluteus maximus (medius and minimus) - (Extension of the hip)
Anteria Thigh (Quadraceps) (Flex of upper leg and extend lower leg)
Posteria Thigh (Extension of the upper leg and flex lower leg)
Calf (extension of the foot)

17. A healthy muscular system therefore:
has intact muscles that allow for free and normal movement.
Correct flexion and extension at rest.
Correct flexion and extension at movement.

18. Nursing Observations: Comparing both sides of the body look at:
Flexion - bending or flexing
Extension - Straightening or extension
Weight bearing
Nil pain or restriction or movement
These should have an equal reaction at same strength on both sides of the body.

19. So What. Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions
So What? Summary Key Terms- these are taken from our discussions. Please note these are not exact definitions but provide a general understanding.
MUSCULARSKELETAL SYSTEM - is responsible for structural support/protection and haematopoiesis (skeletal system) and movement of the body (muscular system).
Organs: Bones (made up of cells, protein fibre and minerals)
Tissue: Connective tissue, Muscle tissue
Cells: muscle cells, blood cells, fat cells, osteocytes
Molecules: Calcium matrix, protein
Key components of skeletal system:
Skull – Head – protects the brain
Vertebrate –Spine – protects the spinal cord
Ribs and Sternum - Chest
Humerus, Radius and Ulna – Arm
Carples, metacarples and Falanges - hands
Pelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula – hip and legs
Tarsles, metatarsals and falanges - feet
Key Joints:
Neck – Minimal rotation and elevation of head
Shoulder –ball and socket – elevation and pronation of arm
Elbows – Hinge joint – elevation of lower arm
Wrists – Hinge joint – elevation of hand with minimal pronation.
Hip – ball and socket join – elevation of leg and pronation.
Knees –Hinge joint – elevation of lower leg
Ankles – Hinge joint – elevation and minimal pronation with foot.
Healthy skeletal system:
-Bones in tact (hard on the outside
And haematopoiesis on the inside)
-Joints can move in their normal
space without pain and issues
-Allows for straight posture with no
pain.
Flexion: Bring bones together
Extension: move bones away
Key components of the muscular system:
Masseter - chewing action
Rhomboid and Trapezius - Extension
of the neck
Rectus abdominal - flexion of the torso
Deltoid - Extension of the arm
Biceps Brachii (flex the forarm) and
Tricepsbrachii (extends the forarm)
Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi
ulnaris (Flex the hand)
Extensor carpi radialis and Extensor carpi ulnaris (Extend the hand)
Extensor digitalis - Extension of the finders
Gluteus maximus (medius and minimus) - (Extension of the hip)
Anteria Thigh (Quadraceps) (Flex of
upper leg and extend lower leg)
Posteria Thigh (Extension of upper leg
and flex lower leg)
Calf (extension foot),Shin (flexion of the
foot)
Healthy muscular system:
-has intact muscles that allow
for free and normal movement
-correct flexion and extension at
rest and at movement.
Nursing assessment:
Mobility and Stability Assessment
- squeeze hands
-raise arms and legs
-move feet
-sit up
-stand up and weight bear
-walk