1. A Revolutionary on the Margins Rosa Luxemburg 1871-1919

2. Revolutions of 1848 ‘Springtime of the People’
Reasons:
Ideological differences: Liberalism, nationalism, socialism
Desire for national unity and autonomy
Economic crisis
Search for economic equality
Demand for rights of the working class

3. Revolutions of 1848 ‘Springtime of the People’
Series of uprisings in Europe
Aims:
removal of royal absolutism
new unified nation-states
Universal suffrage (males)
Emancipation of serfs
Marx&Engels’ Manifesto of the Communist Party (February 1848)

4. Paris Commune 1871 French defeat by Prussia 1870
Collapse of the Second French Empire
Parisians refused to disarm and founded the Paris Commune
Paris at war with rest of France March-May 1871
Government troops ended the siege of Paris in bloodshed (25,000 people massacred)

5. Politics of Socialism
1864 The First International: international working men’s association in London
1869 Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Germany later (SPD)
1889 The Second International

6. German Social Democratic Party Founded 1869
August Bebel
( )
Wilhelm Liebknecht
( )

7. The Second International 1880
Founded in 1880 to support working people’s parties
Made up of representatives of the socialist parties from all over the world, especially Europe.
Anti-War: oppose capitalism to oppose war

8. Highlights of The 2nd International
May 1 , International Worker’s Day
August nations met to create the 2nd International of Worker’s Parties
August International Women's Day for March 8
July 29, resolved that workers of all nations should demonstrate against the coming war.

9. Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) 1871 Born in Poland
1889 escaped from Poland to Zurich
1893 co-founded the Polish Social Democratic Party
1898 Moved to Berlin
Years of Imprisonment 1904, 1906, ,
1914 Co-founded the Spartacus League in Berlin
1918 co-founded the German Communist Party (KPD)
1919 murdered at age 47

10. Spontaniety of Revolution
Emphasis on spontaneity of working class in revolution, self-organisation
Criticism of Bolshevik revolution:
Russian Revolution will end in a dictatorship not in a socialist democracy

11. August 1914 celebration of the break out of war
World　War　I
August 1914 celebration of the break out of war
Viennese crowd carries pictures of Emperor and Kaiser

12. Social Democrats and Spartacus League leaders
Rosa Luxemburg
( )
Karl Liebknecht
( )
Leo Jogiches
( )

13. The End of the 2nd International
German Social-Democratic Party decided to be “patriotic” and support the war.
popular and «electable» in their own countries was more important than international cooperation for peace.
Spartacists split from the party and organized an anti-war peace movement.
1917-the Russian Revolution
The end of the 2nd International

14. Otto Runge (second from right) and his comrades celebrate the murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht with a drink in the Hotel Eden, 15 January The photo was printed in the Communist ‘Die Rote Fahne’ newspaper soon after, by the editor Leo Jogiches.

15. Freikorps of 1919 calling on men to “Guard the Homeland!”

16. International Socialist Congress Amsterdam 1904

17. International Socialist Womens’ Congress 1907

18. Economically and socially, the women of the exploiting classes are not an independent segment of the population.. Their only social function is to be tools of the natural propagation of the ruling classes. By contrast, the women of the proletariat are economically independent. They are productive for society like the men. By this I do not mean their bringing up children or their housework which helps men support their families on scanty wages. This kind of work is not productive in the sense of the present capitalist economy no matter how enormous an achievement the sacrifices and energy spent, the thousand little efforts add up to. This is but the private affair of the worker, his happiness and blessing, and for this reason nonexistent for our present society. As long as capitalism and the wage system rule, only that kind of work is considered productive which produces surplus value, which creates capitalist profit. From this point of view, the music-hall dancer whose legs sweep profit into her employer's pocket is a productive worker, whereas all the toil of the proletarian women and mothers in the four walls of their homes is considered unproductive. This sounds brutal and insane, but corresponds exactly to the brutality and insanity of our present capitalist economy. And seeing this brutal reality clearly and sharply is the proletarian woman's first task.

19. Social Reproduction