3. space traveller is younger when they return

4. v = 0
v = 0.87c
v = 0.995c
v = 0.999c
v = c (?)

6. Cart moves with a constant velocity
Ball is throw vertical up by Steve in the cart
Steve states the ball travels in a straight line – it goes up then down
Mary states the ball travels along a parabolic arc

7. day
night
Sun

8. left
right

9. inertial frame of reference
Mary
v = 20 km.h-1
inertial frame of reference
Steve
v = 180 km.h-1
non-inertial frame of reference
Eve

10. v v light beam speed c Mary Eve walking speed v
speed of light w.r.t to Mary
c + v
speed of light w.r.t to Eve
c - v

11. v ether (absolute frame of reference) speed of Earth w.r.t. ether v
light beam
c w.r.t ether
light beam
c w.r.t ether v
speed of light w.r.t. Earth
c - v
speed of light w.r.t. Earth
c + v

12. v v Mary’s inertial frame of reference (Mary’s moving system) YM t0XM v v
detector switched on
light globe switched on
Event: time for light to travel from globe to activate light detector YS t XS
Steve’s inertial frame of reference
(Steve’s fixed system)

14. Mary’s system
Steve’s system

15. Mary Y1
Steve X1 YS
Eve XS Y2 X2
moving system
fixed systems

16. Mary Y1
Steve X1 YS
Eve XS Y2 X2
moving system
fixed systems

17. Mary
moving frame YM XM
Earth
Vega
Steve
fixed frame YS XS

18. latitude
longitude

19. train at rest w.r.t. observer
train in motion w.r.t. observer
train is shorter in direction in motion but just as high and wide as it was at rest

20. red planet at rest w.r.t. Earth
Earth observer: time t for spacecraft travelling at speed v to travel a distance L0 to red planet
Spaceship observer: time t0 for spacecraft to travel the distance L to red planet which approaches at speed v

21. Mary

22. Mary
Steve

23. Rocket
Truck
Mary

25. Newtonian velocity addition
speed v
0.50 c
Relativistic velocity addition
0.25 c 10 20 30
rocket firings

26. Relativistic
momentum p
Newtonian
0.25c
0.50c
0.75c
1.00c
speed v

27. normal head injury PET / CT scan location of high cell activity
organs & bones
PET scan
cell activity
normal
head injury

28. energetic electron-positron pair
gamma ray
electron
positron
scattered electron
energetic electron-positron pair
positron
electron

29. e+
positron e-
electron

30. Work is done by the hands on the spring to compress it and increase its potential energy and hence the mass of the spring is also increased.

31. v v m A B m m m

32. Queen Mary’s mass is 1.5x108 kg

33. The source of energy of a star is due to fusion reactions.
As the star radiates energy, the mass of the star decreases.

34. The source of energy in an atomic bomb explosion comes from the loss of mass associated with the binding energies of the constituents of the nuclei. The binding energy is transformed into electromagnetic radiation and the kinetic energy of the fragments after the explosion.

35. proton
neutron P N
deuteron
P N

36. proton
neutron
deuteron P N P N
Conservation of mass-energy

37. 1000 540 muon system 2000 m v = 0.98c Earth system proper time
dilated time
Earth system

38. Washington D.C.
Earth’s
rotation N
eastward
westward

39. Mary
moving frame YM XM
Steve
fixed frame YS XS

40. VENUS redshifted reflected light incident light
blueshifted reflected light
rotation

41. blueshift (moving toward you)
very distance galaxy
distance galaxy
nearby galaxy
near by star
lab reference
400
500
600
700
wavelength
blueshift (moving toward you)
stationary
redshift (moving away you)

42. KHe
KRa