1. Software Design
Lecture : 27

2. Motivation for Design Pattern
Employee A works for a company which makes simulation game with name of “SimUDuck”
The game show variety of ducks which can swim and quacking sounds.
The initial software designer of the software apply basic design principles and come up with a class diagram as shown in next slide

3. The display() method is abstract, since all duck subtypes look different

4. Problem
Due to intense pressure from the market forces the management needs an innovative features to have an competitive edge over the competitors.

5. Solution
Management decides to hold series of brainstorming sessions to find out of the box solution
Finally they come up with a feature to show the flying ducks along with other ducks

6. This is what the we wants!!

7. Employee A Thinks:
It’s nothing, after all I am OO Designer, all I need to do is to add fly method in super class Duck and all the subclasses will inherit it.
Its just a work of not more than a week!!!
Wow that’s the greatness of OOAD

8. Class Diagram Proposed by Joe
All subclasses inherit fly()

9. Problem in the Proposed Solution
What Joe fail to understand is that not all the ducks fly
i-e rubber duck etc but fly method is available for all the subclasses.

10. Root Cause
A localized update in the code is having non-local side effects (rubber duck)
Rubber duck also don’t quack so quack must be overridden to squeak . Improved version on next slide

12. Problem
Joe thinks that he can just override the fly method in rubber duck class as in case of quack but fly method will do nothing !!
But what if a new type of duck to be added which is not suppose to fly or quack i-e Wooden Decoy duck; as shown in next slide

14. Another Problem
Joe just received an memo that product features will keep on changing at regular interval so he needs to keep his fingers cross all the times or rethink his decision about inheritance, because it may happen that he will be forced to override fly and quack method for every new duck subclass.
He needs a cleaner solution to handle the situation in which some of the duck types may fly or quack not all!!

15. Innovative Solution
Instead of using Inheritance Joe decides to go with Interfaces.
There should be two interfaces i-e Flyable and Quackable; classes will implements as required.

16. Any Problem with Solution below

17. Maintenance Nightmare
Introduction of Interfaces will destroy code reuse
When ever a change is needed, you need to track down the class which implements that behavior i-e flyable; and that will introduce more bugs!!
At this point you might be thinking that something magical should occur to solve the problem

19. Design Techniques Seperation of interface and Implementation
Identify the aspects of the application which varies and separate them from what stays the same
Encapsulate the varied code so it’s not effected with change.

20. Applying Rule to Duck Class

21. Magical Solution: Design Patterns
Open / Close Principle and Separation of Interface and Implementation forms the basis of almost all the design patterns

22. What are Patterns – Inspiration from Buildings
During the late 1970s, an architect named Christopher Alexander carried out the first known work in the area of patterns.
Alexander and his colleagues studied different structures that were designed to solve the same problem
He identified similarities that exists among quality designs

23. Design Patterns
In 1987, influenced by the writings of Alexander, Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham applied the architectural pattern ideas for the software design and development.
In 1994, the publication of the book entitled Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software on design patterns by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides explained the usefulness of patterns and resulted in the widespread popularity for design patterns

24. What are Design Patterns ?? “Some body has already solve your problem”
A design pattern is a documented best practice or core of a solution that has been applied successfully in multiple environments to solve a problem that recurs in a specific set of situations.
It is “a recurring solution to a common problem in a given context and system of forces.”

25. Design Patterns – Language Independent
A design pattern is an effective means to convey/communicate what has
been learned about high-quality designs. The result is:
– A shared language for communicating the experience gained in dealing with these recurring problems and their solutions.
– A common vocabulary of system design elements for problem solving discussions. A means of reusing and building upon the acquired insight resulting in an improvement in the software quality in terms of its maintainability and reusability.

26. Design Patterns
A design pattern is not an invention. A design pattern is rather a documented expression of the best way of solving a problem that is observed or discovered during the study or construction of numerous software systems.
One of the common misconceptions about design patterns is that they are applied only in an object-oriented environment. Even though design patterns discussions typically refer to the object- oriented development, they are applicable in other areas as well.

27. Essence of Design Patterns
Remember, knowing concepts like abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism do not make you a good object oriented designer.
A design guru thinks about how to create flexible designs that are maintainable and that can cope with change.
The best way to use them is to load your mind with them and then identify places where you can apply them.
Instead of code reuse, patterns let you experience reuse.

28. Formal Definition of Design Pattern
The design pattern identifies classes and instances, their roles, collaborations and responsibilities. Each design pattern focuses on a particular object- oriented design problem or issue. It describes when it applies, whether it can be applied in the presence of other design constraints, and the consequences and trade-offs of its use.”

29. Design Pattern Vs FrameWorks
Pattern are logical in nature.
Frame works are more physical in nature, as they exist in the form of some software.

30. Scope
Class :static. Defined through inheritance between classes
Object:dynamically,defined through associations between objects
Purpose
Creational:design patterns for creating objects
Structual:design patterns for building complex objects.
Behavioral:design patterns for accomplishing complex tasks

31. Categories of Design Patterns

32. Creational Design Patterns
Deal with one of the most commonly performed tasks in an OO application, the creation of objects.
Support a uniform, simple, and controlled mechanism to create objects.
Allow the encapsulation of the details about what classes are instantiated and how these instances are created.
Encourage the use of interfaces, which reduces coupling.