1. European Footholds in North America
Spanish and French and English (Oh, my!)

2. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
In 1580 C.E., King Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal.
Bigger empire = bigger competition from Dutch, French, English.
While Spain was the biggest naval power still, England would challenge –reaching the Tokugawa-ruled Japan.

3. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Sebastian Vizacino; ordered to explore the California coast, but went to Japan first.
In 1613 C.E., he brought 180 Japanese with him to Mexico.
The idea was to link Japan to Mexico and Mexico to Spain. Why?

4. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Tokugawa officials feared tolerating foreigners in Japan; didn’t want Christians challenging authority.
Tokugawa Japan = warlords. Warlords finally at peace, so officials feared developing navies.
So, what did Japan do?

5. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Money started disappearing in Spain, so they postponed plans for colonization of California. Why no money?
Due to lack of funds, Spain feared the worse for it’s other two colonies – Florida and New Mexico.

6. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions –
1. What are similarities between Tokugawa Japan and Ming China (think Zheng He)?
2. In what ways do you think Pacific exploration would have been different if Japan didn’t isolate themselves?

7. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Speaking of New Mexico – in 1589 C.E., Juan de Onate set out with 500 men, women, and children into the northern Rio Grande Valley.
With Fransican friars, they expected to convert Pueblos to Christianity.

8. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Onate underestimated difficulties
Acoma Pueblos killed 11 of his soldiers in 1599 C.E.
Onate retaliated by killing 800 Acoma and enslaved 600 others.

9. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
More troubles for Onate –
After Onate returned to NM from the Great Plains, 2/3 of his colony returned to Mexico due to drought.
Onate decided to look west – why?

10. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
New Mexican Hispanics were getting desperate for help –
Strapped for food, clothing; demanded tribute from local native peoples.
Spanish soldiers would strip the robes off women in winter for warmth; tortured others to find food.

11. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Some Pueblo accepted conversion to Christianity; fear of Spanish and Apache raids.
In 1608 C.E., Spain threatened to abandon NM.
Fransicans begged the king to not do this – Why?

12. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Spain decided to hold onto NM.
In 1610 C.E., the new governor of NM (with only 50 colonists), created Santa Fe.
Within 20 years, 750 colonists inhabited NM – Spanish, Mexican Indians, Africans, and mixed-race children.

13. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Encomiendas – Allowed privileged colonists land and Native American “workers”.
Franciscan missionaries rose rapidly.
Franciscans forbade Pueblo tradition and forced them to learn Spanish.

14. Spain’s Ocean-Spanning Reach
Pueblo traditions carried on in secret.
Spanish introduced peaches, plums, cherries, metal hoes, axes, donkeys, chickens, and sheep.
60,000 Pueblo in NM in 1600 C.E.; 30,000 in 1650; 15,000 in 1680.