1. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism by Colin Baker
CHAPTER 4
LANGUAGES IN SOCIETY

3. One nation, one language?
Monolingualism → Myth, ideology
National and cultural identidade (unity)
Communication and economy
Distinction from other nations
Foreigners and bi- multilinguals → threat
1/2 to 2/3 of population → bi- multilingual
Globalization → cause and effect

4. IDENTITY
POWER
LANGUAGE
CULTURE
STATUS

5. Diglossia Societal “bilinguism”, relatively stable
Two or more languages (or same language varieties) of a speech community
Majority (H) X Minority (L) language
Different roles → contexts: home and family, education, mass media and the internet, business and commerce, cultural, social, government, religious

6. DIGLOSSIA
BILINGUISM
1. Diglossia and bilingualism
2. Bilinguism without diglossia
3. Diglossia without bilinguism
4. Neither diglossia nor bilinguism

7. Territorial Vs Personality Principle
Territorial: Language is given official status in a specific GEOGRAPHICAL AREA = language rights with boundaries
Personality: status to the language is given to individuals or groups wherever they travel in a country = linguistic status of the PERSON

9. Additive Vs Subtractive contexts
Additive: the L2 and culture 2 are acknowledged, respected and celebrated
Subtractive: The L2 and culture 2 are marginalized, stigmatized and (gradually) replaced

11. Language Shift and Maintenance
Shift: downwards language movement; reduction in number of speakers, loss in proficiency, decreased use.
Maintenance: relative language stability in number and distribution of speakers, proficient usage, specific domain retention.

12. Language Decline and Death
The process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is decreased, eventually resulting in no native or fluent speakers of the variety.

14. Language Ressurection
Attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one. Those involved can include parties such as linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Trying to expand the number of speakers and use of a language requires multiple parties working together, and it takes many decades.

15. Language Conflict
Tensions, rivalries and disputes between ethnic groups. Language is not central to the conflict (racial, ethnic, religious, economic or cultural issues are), but rather it is a symbol.

16. Global English
The use of English as a common means of communication across cultures--a lingua franca.
A form of English used in texts intended for an international audience.
(In)equality of access: (dis)empowering