1. Digestive System

2. Food changed to energy (ATP) through digestion & cell respiration
Function – to break food down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed & used by cells
Food changed to energy (ATP) through digestion & cell respiration
Cellular respiration:
Glucose (simple sugar) + Oxygen  ATP (energy)
Takes place in the mitochondria of the cell

3. Nutrition Study of food & it’s effect Calories
1 Cal = 1000 calories or 1kc
1 calorie = amount of energy needed to raise temp. of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

4. Nutrients are need by the body for growth, repair, and maintenance
Water
Carbohydrates
c. Lipids (Fats) e. Vitamins
d. Proteins f. Minerals

5. a. Water – our body is made of appr. 70% water, many cell reactions
b. Carbohydrates – main energy source
Starches are broken down into simple sugars to make ATP
Lipids (Fats) – glycerol & fatty acids
Used to make cell membranes & hormones
Saturated fats are solid at RT
Unsat. Fats are liquids at RT
Diet high in fat leads to high BP, heart disease, obesity & diabetes

6. Proteins- composed of AA
Used for growth
Repair
Hormones & oxygen transport
8 essential AA must be obtained from diet
Vitamins – organic molecules that regulate body processes
Vitamin D- bone health
Vitamin A – night blindness

7. Minerals - inorganic molecules needed by body
Calcium- bones & teeth
Iron - hemoglobin
Sodium nerve &
Potassium impulse transmission

8. Food Pyramid

9. Organs of Digestive System:
Mouth  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small Intestine  Large Intestine
Food & air can pass through the pharynx
Peristalsis – muscle contractions in the esophagus that squeeze food to the stomach
Absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine
Water is removed from undigested material in the large intestine

10. Organs of Digestive System: (con’t)
Accessory Organs:
Liver – produces bile that helps break down fats
Gall Bladder – stores the bile
Pancreas –
Produces hormones to regulate blood sugar
Produces enzymes (insulin) to break down nutrients
Produces a base that neutralizes stomach acid

12. Functions of Digestive System:
Mechanical digestion - chewing, mixing in stomach
Chemical digestion by enzymes, breaking large food molecules into smaller parts
Example:
Amylase - from salivary glands; breaks down carbohydrates
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin - digests protein in stomach
Bile - from liver that dissolves fat

13. Absorption of nutrient molecules into the bloodstream occurs in the small intestine
Villi are small finger-like projections that increase the surface area of small intestine

14. Disorders
Stomach ulcers
Diarrhea
Constipation

15. Excretory System

16. General Information:
Function is to remove wastes from the blood & excrete them from the body
Important in maintaining homeostasis

17. Organs of the Excretory System:
Skin, liver, and lungs – remove wastes from the body
Kidneys – the main organ:
Remove wastes produced by the metabolism of proteins in the cells
Purify the blood
Adjust the pH
Maintain the water balance of the blood (retain/eliminate water)

18. Organs of the Excretory System:
Nephron:
Functional unit of the kidney
Filters blood and many materials are reabsorbed by veins
Urine is collected and passes out through the Loop of Henle where water is reabsorbed

19. Kidney function is controlled by:
Regulatory hormones
Water and salt concentrations in the blood, which is influenced by what you eat and drink

20. Kidney Nephron Cortex Medulla Renal artery Renal vein Ureter
To the bladder
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Collecting duct
To the ureter
Loop of Henle
Artery
Vein

21. Kidney Stones: