1. 2nd Industrial Revolution
When was it again?

2. Natural Resources fuel Industrialization
Oil is discovered in the US and they figure out how to drill for it
Oil was being used to make kerosene for lamps
Gas was a byproduct of kerosene and was at first discarded
Steel
Coal and iron deposits were also found
Iron is a weak metal that rusts
Found a way to take the carbon out to create steel a stronger metal
Steel was used to build the railroads, suspension bridges, farm equipment, and sky scrapers

3. Inventions
Electricity was created by Thomas Edison after he discovered the light bulb
Now, factories did not have to be by a source of power. The power came to them!
Type writer and telephone also changed society
Women went from having only 5% of office jobs in 1870 to 40% in 1910

4. Environmental Changes
Case Study: Cleveland, Ohio
The farms of Cleveland changed to the smokestacks of the Standard Oil Refinery
There was a lot of pollution in both the air and the water from the booming business
Companies were dumping oil into the Cuyahoga River
It set on fire three times because of the pollution: 1936, 1952, 1969

5. Railroads: The Good
Many people were moving westward and there was a need to have transportation from coast to coast
The government gave railroad companies land grants and loans
The railroads brought about many changes including the need for standardized time
Time zones were created to meet this need
The creation of the railroads allowed for more trade and an interdependence between cities

6. Railroads: The Bad
The railroads also allowed for a great deal of corruption
Land was being sold to businesses instead of people as intended and companies worked together to fix high rates for transportation
Their corruption led them to bankruptcy
This contributed to the greatest depression of that time, the Panic of 1893

7. Integration
Horizontal Integration: merging of companies that make similar products
Vertical Integration: when a company takes over suppliers and distributors to control quality and costs
Examples:
Andrew Carnegie bought out suppliers and distributors for steal (vertical)
John Rockefeller bought out other oil refineries (horizontal)