1. Nursing Today

2. Historical Perspective Highlights
Nurses:
Respond to needs of patients
Actively participate in policy
Respond and adapt to challenges
Make clinical judgments and decisions about patients’ health care needs based on knowledge, experience, and standards of care
Nursing:
Care is provided according to standards of practice and a code of ethics. •

3. Florence Nightingale First practicing epidemiologist
Organized first school of nursing
Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals
Her practices remain a basic part of nursing today.

4. Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
The growth of nursing in the United States:
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Mother Bickerdyke
Harriet Tubman
Mary Mahoney
Isabel Hampton Robb
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster: Henry Street Settlement

5. The Twentieth Century
Movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge
1901: Army Nurse Corps established
1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting, first professor of nursing at Columbia University
1908: Navy Nurse Corps established
: Study of nursing education
1940s and 1950s: Associations emerged
1970: Emergency Room Nurses Organization

6. The Twenty-First Century
Nursing code of ethics
Changes in curriculum
Nursing in multiple care settings
Advances in technology and informatics
End-of-life care

7. Influences on Nursing Changes in society lead to changes in nursing:
Health care reform
Demographic changes
Medically underserved
Threat of bioterrorism
Rising health care costs
Nursing shortage

8. Nursing as a Profession
A profession has characteristics:
Requires an extended education
Requires a body of knowledge
Provides a specific service
Has autonomy
Incorporates a code of ethics

9. Scope and Standards of Practice
Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice
1960: Documentation began
Standards of Practice
Standards of Professional Performance
Goal
To improve the health and well-being of all individuals, communities, and populations through the significant and visible contributions of registered nursing using standards-based practice

10. Standards of Practice
Nursing standards provide the guidelines for implementing and evaluating nursing care.
Six standards of practice:
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcomes identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation

11. Standards of Professional Performance
Ethics
Quality of Practice
Professional Practice Evaluation
Education
Communication
Resources
Evidence-Based Practice and Research
Leadership
Environmental Health
Collaboration

12. Code of Ethics
A code of ethics is the philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define principles used to provide care.
It is important for you to incorporate your own values and ethics into your practice.
Ask yourself: How do your ethics, values, and practice compare with established standards?

13. Quick Quiz!
1. Nursing is defined as a profession because nurses A. Perform specific skills. B. Practice autonomy. C. Utilize knowledge from the medical discipline. D. Charge a fee for services rendered.

14. Nursing Education Professional registered nurse education
2-year associate’s degree
4-year baccalaureate degree
Graduate education
Master’s degree, advanced practice RN
Doctoral degrees
Continuing and in-service education

15. Case Study
Ming graduated with an associate’s degree in nursing last year and currently works in a long-term care facility. Although Ming enjoys his work and has been promoted to shift supervisor on his unit, he finds that he’d like to pursue a nursing career that offers a regular schedule and more autonomy than he currently experiences at the long-term care facility.
Ming considers returning to school for an advanced degree. [

16. Nursing Practice Nurses practice in a variety of settings. Nurses:
Protect, promote, and optimize our patients’ health
Prevent illness and injury
Alleviate suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses
Advocate for the care of our patients

17. Nursing Practice Nurse Practice Acts Licensure and certification
Science and art of nursing practice
Benner’s stages of nursing proficiency:
Novice
Advanced beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert

18. Professional Responsibilities
Nurses are responsible for obtaining and maintaining specific knowledge and skills.
In the past:
To provide care and comfort
Now:
To provide care and comfort and to emphasize health promotion and illness prevention

19. Autonomy and Accountability
Professional Roles
Autonomy and Accountability
Caregiver
Advocate
Educator
Communicator
Manager

20. Career Development
Nursing provides an opportunity for you to commit to lifelong learning and career development.
{Fig 1-2 here}

21. Case Study (cont’d)
Ming is particularly drawn to the idea of becoming an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN).
Ming’s career options for becoming an APRN include which of the following?
(Select all that apply.)
A. Physician assistant (PA)
B. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
C. Certified nurse midwife (CNM)
D. Certified RN anesthetist (CRNA)

22. Professional Nursing Organizations
National League for Nursing (NLN)
American Nurses Association (ANA)
International Council of Nursing (ICN)
National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) or Canadian Student Nurses Association (CSNA)
Other professional organizations focus on specific areas.

23. Quick Quiz!
2. The NLN and the ANA are professional organizations that deal with A. Nursing issues of concern. B. Political and professional issues affecting health care. C. Financial issues affecting health care. D. All of the above issues.
Answer: D

24. Case Study (cont’d)
If Ming decides to pursue a career as an APRN, which patient populations may he serve?
(Select all that apply.)
A. Adult-gerontology
B. Prison inmates
C. Neonatology
D. Psychiatric mental health

25. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
Competency:
Patient-Centered Care
Teamwork and Collaboration
Evidence-Based Practice
Quality Improvement
Safety
Informatics

26. Case Study (cont’d)
If Ming decides to choose a career as a critical care CNS, then his specialty is identified by which means?
A. Population
B. Setting
C. Disease specialty
D. Type of care
E. Type of problem

27. Additional Nursing Trends
Genomics
Public perception of nursing
Impact of nursing on politics and health policy
Future trends