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SB1 Students will analyze the nature of the relationship between structures and functions in living cells b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules GPS
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Chemistry In Biology
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Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
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Matter All living things are made of matter
Matter has mass and takes up space Atoms are the building blocks of matter
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What do we call different types of atoms?
Elements A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances
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The Structure of the Atom
Nucleus Protons and Neutrons Electron Clouds Electrons
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The Nucleus The Atomic Number of an atom = the number of protons
In a neutral atom, also the number of electrons. Why do electrons and protons equal each other in a neutral atom? The Atomic Mass (Mass Number) =The number of protons + the number of neutrons
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The Periodic Table Organizes all of the known elements Atomic Number
Oxygen 8 *Average Atomic Mass 15.999
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The major element’s of living organisms
Page 146 in your book C, H, O, N make up 90% of the human body.
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How are atoms structured?
Nucleus = protons and neutrons. electron cloud = electrons The number of protons = the atomic number The number or electrons = the atomic number. But only when?
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Compounds vs. Molecules
Atoms can combine to form molecules A molecule made of 2 or more atoms combined Examples: Oxygen gas = O2 Carbon dioxide = CO2 Glucose = C6H12O6 Elements can combine to form compounds A compound made of 2 or more different elements combined Examples: Water = H2O Methane = CH4 Sucrose = C12H22O11 Which of these examples is a molecule but not a compound? Why?
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Chemical Reactions The process by which atoms or groups of atoms in a substance are reorganized into different substances
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Chemical Equations 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Reactants Products
Carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Reactants Products Coeffecient Subscript
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5.2 Reaction Types synthesis decomposition single displacement
double displacement
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Synthesis a reaction of at least two substances that forms a new, more complex compound general formula: A + B AB 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
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Decomposition a reaction in which one compound breaks into at least two products General formula: AB A + B 2H2O 2H O2
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Single displacement a rxn in which atoms of one element take the place of another element in a compound general formula: XA + B BA + X 3 CuCl2 + 2Al 2AlCl Cu
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Double displacement a rxn in which the positive and negative parts of two compounds change partners. General formula: AX + BY AY + BX Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KNO3
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Energy of Reactions Activation Energy – the minimum amount of energy needed to cause a reaction to happen Chemical reaction can be Endothermic – absorbs energy – feels cold Exothermic – gives off energy – feels hot
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Mixtures Two or more substances that keep their individual characteristics and properties
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Two types of Mixtures Homogeneous same through out
Also called a Solution = Solute + Solvent Examples = tea, air, Kool-Aid Heterogeneous different through out Examples = tossed salad, dirty water, blood, milk
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Acids, Bases, and pH acid—a substance that donates hydrogen ions, H+, to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water. -taste sour -turn blue litmus paper red -corrode metal -conduct electricity when dissolved in water
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indicator a compound that can reversibly change color in a solution, depending on the concentration of H3O+ ions
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Strong acids -fully ionize in water….form the maximum
amount of hydronium ions in water -conduct electricity very well Example: Sulfuric acid. Used in car batteries.
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Weak acids do not conduct electricity as well as strong acids
do not ionize fully Table 6-1 in book
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Bases a substance that either contains hydroxide
ions, OH-, or reacts with water to form hydroxide ions. -bitter taste -slippery -conduct electricity -turns red litmus paper blue -very dangerous if not dilute
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Strong Base dissociates completely to form ions Examples: KOH
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Weak Base reacts with water to form hydroxide ions
does not completely dissociate Table 6-2 in book
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Measuring acids and bases
pH—a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in a solution enzymes in your body work in a narrow pH range an abnormal pH is a sign of health problems
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pH Values range from 0-14 -neutral solutions are 7 -acids 0-7
-bases 7-14
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The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules
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The Four Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins
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Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1:2:1 ratio of elements Carbohydrates are sugars Used for Energy Cellulose – Plant walls Chitin – Insect shells, fungus bodies 1. Monosaccharide – fructose & glucose 2. Disaccharide – two monosaccahrides bonded – sucrose 3. Polysaccharide – many monosaccahrides bonded – starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Lipids Composed of Carbon and hydrogen Waxes, Fats and oils
Nonpolar - Insoluble in water Used for energy storage, insulation, and protective coverings Major component of membranes surrounding cells called a phospholipid Steroids – cholesterol and hormones
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Nucleic Acids Complex macromolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code. Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen Polymer made of smaller units called nucleotides Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group 2 types DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
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Proteins Essential to all life – the primary building block of life
Large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur Amino Acids are the building blocks 20 common amino acids 2nd major component of cell membranes
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Enzymes – Special Proteins
Chemical reactions require specific temperature and environmental requirements that are often not found in the human body An enzyme enables molecules called substrates, to undergo a chemical change to form a new substance
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Enzymes Features Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but do not take place in the reaction and are not changed by the reaction. Do not make a reaction occur that would not occur on its own Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are specific to their substrate
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Energy of Reactions Activation Energy – the minimum amount of energy needed to cause a reaction to happen Enzymes lower the activation energy of many reactions that take place in the body
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Types of Enzymes Amylase – Breaks down sugars
Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the blood and in cells DNA polymerase – helps to make copies of DNA Lactase – Breaks down lactose (milk sugars) in the digestive tract
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The Lock and Key Mechanism of Enzymes
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Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity
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Carbohydrates What: Sugars Elements: C, H, O
3 classes: Monosaccharides Ex.) Glucose, fructose Disaccharides Ex.) Sucrose Polysaccharides Ex.) Cellulose, starch Function: Energy
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Nucleic Acids What they do: Store and transmit genetic information.
Elements: C, N, O, P, H Subunit: Nucleotide Nitrogen base Sugar Phosphate group Ex.) DNA & RNA
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Lipids What: Waxes, Fats, Oils Elements: C, H
Function: Stores energy, protective layers, insulation 1st major component of cell membranes Examples: Hormones, cholesterol.
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Proteins Essential to all life. Made up of amino acids.
Elements: C, H, O, N and sometimes S Function: Building block of life 2nd major component of cell membranes Example: enzymes
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