1. Chapter 4 Membranes, Nervous and Muscle Tissue
Advanced Biology
Chapter 4
Membranes, Nervous and Muscle Tissue

2. Epithelial Membranes
Continuous multicellular sheet, composed of 2 primary tissue types
Epithelium bound to underlying CT

3. Cutaneous
Mucous
Serous

4. Skin

5. Keratinized stratified squamous (epidermis) attached to Dense Irr
Keratinized stratified squamous (epidermis) attached to Dense Irr. CT (Dermis)

6. Body Cavities open to exterior (Dig, resp, urogenital)

7. Lamina Propria – Loose CT

8. In closed ventral body cavity

9. Parietal Layer – lines cavity wall
Visceral layer – covers outer surface of organs

10. Lubrication – reduce friction
Prevents organs from sticking to cavity walls

11. Nervous Tissue
Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

14. Highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

17. Support
Insulate
Protect

18. Neurons
Supporting cells

19. Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

20. Transmit electrical signals

21. Muscle Tissue
Highly cellular, well vascularized

22. Muscle fibers

23. Bring about movement or contraction
Actin
Myosin

24. Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

25. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells
Obvious striations (lines)

26. Attached to bones
Occasionally to skin

27. Voluntary movement
Facial Expression
Locomotion

29. Branching, “striated”, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate (Interlock) at specialized junctions

30. Walls of heart

31. As it contracts, it propels blood into circulation
Involuntary control

34. Spindle shaped cells w/ central nuclei
Cells arranged closely to form sheets, no striations

35. Walls of hollow organs

36. Propels substances or objects along internal passageways

39. Tissue Repair
Stimulates body’s inflammatory and immune responses

40. Non-specific – develops quickly

41. Eliminate harmful agent
Prevent further injury
Restore tissue to a healthy condition

42. Very Specific – Takes more time

43. Steps of Tissue Repair
Histamine is released and other inflammatory chemicals

44. Capillaries are dilated – DIAPEDESIS
Allows MAC’s, WBC’s, Clotting factors out of Blood Stream

45. This isolates Bacteria or Toxin
Part exposed dries out – SCAB

46. Any leftover fluid is phagocytized by MAC’s

47. Restore Blood Supply

48. Pink Tissue – thin, permeable capillaries bud from intact capillaries
Starts new capillary bed, can bleed easy

49. Fibroblasts build new tissue

50. Regeneration/Fibrosis

51. Proliferation of fibrous CT – SCAR

52. Factors Affecting Repair
Tissue Injured
Type of injury and immediate care given to site
Nutrition

53. Adequacy of blood supply
State of health
Age

54. Epithelial, bone, fibrous CT - ***
Smooth muscle, Dense Reg. Tissue - **

55. Skeletal muscle, cartilage

56. Cardiac
Nervous

57. In urinary bladder, heart or other muscular organs – function is hampered
Could cause abnormal flow patterns

58. Heart Failure
Not as flexible or as elastic

59. Developmental Aspects
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

60. Specialize into all 4 tissue types

61. Endo – Epithelial, mucousal membranes

62. Meso – Epithelial, endothelium, mesothelium, muscle, CT

63. Ecto – Epithelial, epidermis, nervous

64. Primary tissues, all major organs in place

65. Epithelia thins, more easily breached
Collagen drops, tissue repair less effective

66. Bone, muscle, nervous tissue – atrophy