1. The study of human populations
Demography
The study of human populations

2. Demography: study of human populations with respect to their size, structure and development.
Why do we need to know about changes in human population?
To help plan for present and future needs of a population

3. Terms and Definitions
Birth rate (BR): number of live births per year per people
Death Rate (DR): number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): number of deaths of children below one year of age per 1000 people
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): excess of births over deaths per 1000 persons also referred to growth rate

4. Terms and Definitions
Population Density: number of people per sq. km of an area
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children each woman would bear during her childbearing years
Replacement Fertility Level: level of fertility at which a given population is replacing itself.This is usually calculated at 2.1 children per woman
Zero Population Growth: When the BR is the same as the DR.

5. History of the Global Population
Until about 200 years ago, population growth was slow.
Since then, there has been an enormous increase which has been called the Population Explosion.

6. Human Population Growth
Year
Population
10,000 BCE
5-10 MILLION
1 CE
170 MILLION
1800
1 BILLION
1930
2 BILLION
1960
3 BILLION
1975
4 BILLION
1987
5 BILLION
1999
6 BILLION
2010
6.8 BILLION

7. It is important to note that it took all of human evolution (about 3 million years) for human population to reach 3 million in 1960
This just so happens to be the year Mrs. Walsh was born
It has only taken 47 years for the world’s population to reach 7 billion.
Most geographers believe that the world’s population will eventually even out at somewhere between billion in the next years.

8. World Population Growth
Doubling time
time it takes population to double its size
10 million to 20 million
100 million to 200 million
6 billion to 12 billion
This is calculated using the Rule of 70
70 divided by the % rate increase = doubling time
3% increase = 23 yr doubling time (70/3 = 23.3)

9. World Population Growth: Population Increase

10. Population Pyramids
Population Pyramids give detailed information about a given pop. at a given time but can also be used to predict future trends.
They show:
Age
Young at the bottom; elderly on top;
Gender
females on one side, males on the other

11. Building Population Pyramids

12. Building Population Pyramids

13. Building Population Pyramids
If we were to display these graphs horizontally, make a mirror image of the one for women, and then join them together, we would have a population pyramid—exactly as seen on the next slide.
The ages are divided into 5 year groups called cohorts.

14.
Better one!!!

19. World Population Growth
This shape indicates
EXPANDING POPULATION because there are so many young people who will be old enough to have children in the next 20 years.

20. World Population Growth
This pattern shows SLOW GROWTH, the sides are more or less even until the thirties.

21. World Population Growth
This represents NEGATIVE GROWTH or pop. decline – notice the small numbers under age 15.

22. FUTURE World Population Growth
New Developments
Fertility is decreasing
Decreases found even in countries that are not experiencing economic development
Reasons for decreased fertility
Family planning programs
Modern contraceptive technology
Mass media and the “information revolution”
Urbanization

23. World Population Growth
However there are still powerful factors against population control
Cost
Religion
Low status of women
Preference for male children
Lack of education

24. Reasons the World Population may decrease
Increases in death rates
Wars and natural disasters
Increase of known diseases: malaria, influenza
New diseases- HIV/AIDS
More smoking in developing countries
Chemical pollution of humans

27. Demographics and Canada
Between 1994 and 2004 Canada's population growth was close to 1%
HOWEVER our Rate of Natural Increase was only 0.39% and the TFR was 1.5 per woman (far below the 2.1 required to maintain population)
If we are to maintain or increase our population it will have to come from international immigration.

28. Even today immigration is the only reason why our population is increasing.
This is a real concern giver the huge numbers of baby boomers who are going to retire in the nest 25 years.
They will be relying on pensions paid by the government/ taxpayers for money