1. DATA ANALYSIS DR. ELIZABETH M. ANTHONY
Language & Communication Department
FSTPi, UTHM

2. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is an important stage of the research process.
It is the process by which data is analysed in order to obtain useful information from it.
It is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.
Qualitative and quantitative data analysis.

3. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
Qualitative ANALYSIS
This is the process of interpreting data collected during the course of qualitative research.
The analysis of the data depends on its type.

4. Data ANALYSIS
Qualitative data are forms of information gathered in a nonnumeric form. Common examples of such data are:
Interview transcripts
Field notes
Video/Audio recordings
Images
Documents

5. Quantitative ANALYSIS
This is the process of presenting and interpreting numerical data.
The Results section of papers including quantitative data analysis often contain descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency (averages - mean, median and mode) and measures of variability about the average (range and standard deviation).
These give the reader a 'picture' of the data collected and used in the research project.
Inferential statistics are the outcomes of statistical tests, helping deductions to be made from the data collected, to test hypotheses set and relating findings to the sample or population.

6. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
Addresses the problem statement(s) raised in the introduction.
In order to report the findings of the research systematically, one needs to follow these steps:
Introduce the results to be discussed.
Present the results of the investigation with appropriate visual aids; graphics.
Comment on the results.
Conclude the results.

7. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
Statistical information is presented in the form of bar charts, graphs or pie charts.
(i) Bar Chart
Figure 1: iMac buyers as a function of previous computer ownership.

8. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
A bar chart uses horizontal or vertical rectangular bars to compare items.
Demonstrates the magnitude of several items at regular time interval.
Each bar is used to represent a specific item.
It is possible to group related items together to show their differences, similarities, composition against time, distance and place.
There are different types of bar charts; simple, multiple or stacked bar charts.
EXAMPLE

9. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
(ii) Pie Chart
The pie chart shows the distribution of various items/opinions
It represents the proportion in percentage (%)
EXAMPLE

10. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
(iii) Line Graph
Line graphs show the relationships between two sets of data.
It shows the cause and effect.
Consists the horizontal x-axis and the vertical y-axis.
EXAMPLE
TABLE & GRAPH

11. alice@copyright/fssw/2011
FINDINGS
Some useful keywords:
The chart/diagram/figure/table shows that …
The first graph/ table, etc shows that …
Figure 1 /Table 1 illustrates that …
In reference to ….
In terms of … the figures are fairly similar, although the …
In the case of … over/under …
As for … the number rose steadily until the … when it began to rise dramatically.
READ MORE … !