1. Mining and Mineral Resources
Chapter 16

2. Mineral Resources
We depend on the use of mineral resources in almost every aspect of our daily life.
However, our dependence on minerals has not come without a price.
The current challenge is to obtain the minerals that an ever-increasing world population demands at minimal cost to the environment.

3. What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.
They can be made up of a single element or be a compound (atoms of two or more elements bonded together).

4. Ore Minerals vs. Gangue Minerals
Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract
Mining companies have to separate the ore from the gangue.
Minerals that have no commercial value
For mining to be profitable, the price of the final product must be greater than the costs of extraction and refining

5. Section 16.2
Mineral Exploration and Mining

6. Mineral Exploration
The first step is to explore rock for mineralization.
Rock samples are then taken from the area.
Ore grade is then determined.
If the ore grade is high enough, the company will drill test holes.
Lastly, if the deposits are extensive enough, opening a mine may be warranted.

7. Subsurface mining
This method is used if ore deposit is found 50m or more beneath Earth’s surface.

8. Surface Mining
Used when ore deposits are located close to Earth’s surface.

9. Solar Evaporation
This involves placing sea water into enormous, shallow ponds where the sun evaporates the sea water; Salt crystals form and are harvested

10. Placer Mining
Placer Mining
Dredge
Placer deposits are surface deposits where minerals are concentrated by wind and water.
Minerals fall to the streambed and become concentrated and can be removed by dredging
Placer gold and diamonds are mined by dredging.
A dredge is a floating barge on which buckets fixed on a conveyor are used to separate the minerals from the sediment. Processed sediments are discharged behind the dredge.

11. Undersea Mining
Several attempts have been made to mine the ocean since 1950s.
It is more expensive than land mining and deep ocean depths are two reasons undersea mining has not been successful.
Mineral resources contained in ocean floor include gold, silver, diamonds, mineral ores, and sand and gravel.

12. Section 16.3
Mining Regulation and Mine Reclamation

13. The Environmental Impacts of Mining
Surface mining can cause both air and noise pollution.
Dust is created in all parts of the mining process.
Noise is created by the equipment and blasting.
Due to these environmental impacts, most surface mines are not located near urban populations.

14. Water Contamination
Water that seeps through mines can pick up substances like arsenic.
Contaminated water from AMD or acid mine drainage happens when sulfur reacts with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid.

15. Displacement of Wildlife
Removing soil due to mining strips away all plant life.
This causes animals to leave the area.
Once the soil is replaced, different plants and animals may live there.
Dredging displaces aquatic wildlife

16. Erosion and Sedimentation
Excess rock from mines is sometimes dumped into large piles called dumps.
Running water erodes dumps.
Sediment may harm water quality and aquatic life.

17. Soil Degradation
If soil is not removed and stored in separate layers, the soil may be nutrient poor when it is reclaimed.
When some minerals like sulfur are exposed to water and oxygen, the soil acidifies.
This makes it difficult for plants to grow.

18. Subsidence
The sinking of regions of the ground with little or no horizontal movement.
Occurs when pillars collapse or the mine roof/floor falls.
It can cause property damage and force people to evacuate their homes.

19. Underground Mine Fires
One of the most serious environmental consequences of coal mining.
Can be caused by lightning, forest fires, and burning trash.
Hard to put out; left to burn themselves out.
If they reach surface, can lead to respiratory problems.

20. Mining Regulations and Reclamation
Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act ensure contaminants from mines do not threaten water quality.
Comprehensive Response Compensation and Liability Act regulates hazardous substances released in air, soil, and water.
All mining operations must comply with Endangered Species Act to ensure mining will not affect threatened or endangered species.

21. Reclamation and Regulations
State Regulation of Mining
Returning land to its original or better condition after mining.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 minimizes the surface effects of coal mining.
Mining companies must obtain permits from state agencies before mining.
In some states, a mining company must post funds called a bond before mining begins.
States also inspects mines.