1. Chapter 21 Kingdom Plantae
Biology
Chapter 21
Kingdom
Plantae

3. Life on Land Need protection from drying out
Need to exchange gases with surrounding air

4. Life on Land
Need a transport system
Need to grow upright

5. # 1
Cuticles – waxy layer that covers plant
Spores can be formed

6. # 1 Cuticles Helps prevent the evaporation of water from plant tissues
Acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms

8. # 2
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen diffuse through Pores in the cuticle

9. # 2
Stomata
Adaptations that enable the exchange of gases even with the presence of a cuticle on a plant
Openings in the outer cell layer of leaves and some stems

11. # 3 Can transport nutrients two ways: Osmosis and Diffusion
Vascular tissues

12. # 4
Cells have rigid walls enabling them to grow upright

13. Types of Plants Nonvascular = no vascular tissues
Vascular = vascular tissues

14. Nonvascular Plants Two Types – Mosses and Liverworts
Both have low resistance to drying out
Green in color

15. Nonvascular Plants Very small – two to three inches tall
Grow in clumps or dense carpets
Found in shady, damp areas
Help with Decomposing

16. Mosses Feathery or velvety
Thin leaf-like structures attached to a creeping stalk

17. Bryophyta Most familiar bryophytes are the mosses
Structures that are similar to leaves
Leafy stems
Rhizoids
Carpet of moss

18. Produce root like, multicellular rhizoids that anchor them to soil or another surface
Water and other substances move throughout a moss by osmosis and diffusion.

23. Liverworts Look like moss but are flat and leathery
Body is called a THALLUS

24. Hepaticophyta Hepaticophytes are referred to as liverworts.
Found in a variety of habitats
Water, nutrients, and other substances are transported by osmosis and diffusion.

25. Most primitive of land plants
Leafy liverwort
Thallose liverwort

29. Transport Use osmosis and diffusion
Both have root-like structures called RHIZOIDS
Anchor them to soil, wood, water

30. Plant Life Cycle
Two alternating generations, Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte generation produces gametes, all cells are haploid
Sporophyte generation produces spores, cells are diploid

31. Plant Life Cycle Young gametophyte Sperm + Egg Spores Haploid
Fertilization
Meiosis
Diploid
Zygote
Capsule
Young Sporophyte