1. Fermilab Proton Beams: Program Perspectives Greg Bock Fermilab Science and Engineering at Henderson-DUSEL Capstone Workshop Stony Brook May 5, 2006
Outline
Fermilab’s Current Program and Near Term strategy
Planning for the future
Perspectives from NuMI
Final Remarks

2. Comments from the director to DOE’s P5 Panel: Fermilab and the Community
Fermilab will be the only remaining US laboratory solely devoted to particle physics
It will provide the major facilities, infrastructure and technical support for the field
The road map has to be a joint enterprise with the national and international physics community

3. Fermilab Goals
Overarching Goals:
Enable the most powerful attack on the fundamental science questions of our time for our community
Provide world class facilities for HEP as part of the global network
Develop science and technology for particle physics and cosmology research
Specific Goal: make vital contributions to particle physics in the next decade by:
Exploiting the energy frontier with the Tevatron and LHC and developing ILC
A world class neutrino program
Smaller initiatives that add vitality and texture --and the elimination of which does not help the initiatives above

4. Present Neutrino Program: MINOS
735 km
Minos Far detector: 5.4 kton
Minos near detector: 1 kton

5. Present Neutrino Program
MiniBooNE
- 1 GeV neutrinos
(Booster)
- 800 ton oil cerenkov
- Operating since 2003
- nm -> ne appearance
- Box not open: 60% more
events than expected

6. Neutrino strategy Understanding the Neutrino matrix:
What is sin22q13
What is the Mass Hierarchy
What is the CP violation parameter d
Fermilab is in the best position to make vital contributions to answer these questions with complementary program to T2K facility in Japan

7. Neutrino Strategy Address Tritium issues
Upgrade existing complex to reach 1 MW beam power (2010 shutdown)
Build NOvA to
Have strongest reach into sin2213
Sensitivity to the Mass Hierarchy (not possible in T2K)
Some sensitivity to CP
Together with other regions, plan roadmap for long term future of neutrino program if further reach is needed beyond NOvA +T2K
For the long term, carry out R&D on future high intensity proton sources.

8. In the Near term: NOA:NuMI Off-Axis e Appearance Experiment
NOA is a proposed 2d generation experiment using the NuMI beamline. Its Far Detector will be a 25 kT, totally active, tracking liquid scintillator calorimeter located near Ash River, MN, 810 km from Fermilab and 12 km off the center of the NuMI beamline.
Its main physics goal will be the study of e oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation length.
Its unique characteristic is its long baseline, which allows access to matter effects, which can be used to determine the ordering of the neutrino mass states.

9. The NOVA Detector
The cells are made from
32-cell extrusions.
12 extrusions make up a plane.
The planes alternate horizontal
to vertical.
For structural reasons, the
planes are arranged in 31-plane
blocks that begin and end with
a plane of vertical extrusions.
There are 54 planes = 1654
planes = 19,848 extrusions
= 635,136 cells.
Data taking can begin as blocks
are completed.
111 m
Estimated times to establish 3 sensitivity to 13  0
(normal mass ordering, m232 = eV2, sin2(223) = 1,  = 0
Jan. 2012, if sin2(213) = 0.05
Nov. 2012, if sin2(213) = 0.02
Aug. 2014, if sin2(213) = 0.01

10. US Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment Study
Commissioned by BNL and FNAL directorates
Lead by Milind Diwan and Gina Rameika
Fermilab Proton Driver Study and PAC recommend an effort beyond NOVA, but anchored to NuMI beam
BNL detailed Very Long Baseline Study (Deep underground detector fed by broadband beam)
Different approaches common goals led to the commissioning of this study.
Results of this U.S. Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment Study before October 2006, with a preliminary report by July 15, Work will not end in October!
After discussions at BNL, a first workshop was held at Fermilab
(Meet today, here, during lunch)

11. U.S. Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment Study
Compare the neutrino oscillation physics potential of:
A broad-band proposal using a either an upgraded beam of around 1 MW from the current Fermilab accelerator complex or a future Fermilab Proton Driver neutrino beam aimed at a DUSEL-based detector. Compare these results with those previously obtained for a high intensity beam from BNL to DUSEL.
Off-Axis next generation options using a 1-2 MW neutrino beam from Fermilab and a liquid argon detector at either DUSEL or as a second detector for the Nova experiment.
Considerations of each should include:
I)As a function of θ13, the ability to establish a finite θ13, determine the mass hierarchy, and search for CP violation and, for each measurement, the limiting systematic uncertainties.
ii) The precision with which each of the oscillation parameters can be measured and the ability to therefore discriminate between neutrino mass models.
iii) Experiment Design Concepts including: Optimum proton beam energy, Optimum geometries, Detector Technology , Cost Guesstimate

12. Fermilab Long Baseline n Beam to DUSEL Sites
Wes Smart and Dixon Bogert, Fermilab
Current preliminary design is to branch off existing NUMI proton beam after it is down in the good dolomite rock
Uses existing NuMI extraction and proton beam line ( 250 m) in Main Injector (MI) Accelerator and first part of NuMI tunnel
Uses existing tunnel transition from glacial tile to dolomite
Does not require the MI to be off for an extended installation period
Efficiently uses the limited available Fermilab site to the west
However, either new proton beam line requires an additional large (~60 deg, ~400 m) westward turn
Not likely to be cheaper than NuMI.

13. Fermilab n beam to DUSEL Sites

15. Perspectives from NuMI
After years of specific designs and reviews and approval of baseline:
Cost was higher than originally baselined
$139M->~$168M
It took longer
50% longer
The interface between facility and experiment is costly and often not understood well. Underground work is harder to predict than above ground work.
All that aside, the facilities turned out nicely and are performing well.
ES&H concerns are paramount. Always.

16. Summary
There is an ongoing long baseline neutrino program with 0.3 MW source today and a path to 1MW (at 120 GeV) with upgrades to existing complex by In the future, there could be 2MW with a new source.
With other regions, planning roadmap for long term future of neutrino program if further reach is needed beyond NOvA+T2K. A US Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment Study is now underway
For the long term, carry out R&D on future high intensity proton sources.
Fermilab could send neutrinos from a 1-2 MW proton source to DUSEL. Beginning notional designs now based on experiences with NuMI.