1. In any organization, you’ll work with people whose backgrounds differ from your own. People often want easy answers about diversity and culture when only guidelines are possible. Human beings are individuals as much as they are par t of a group. In many ways, we’ve only begun to scratch the surface for understanding and respecting the diversity around us. Therefore, use this information as a starting point for understanding communicating across cultures.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Communicating Across Cultures
To learn how to
Consider diversity as part of audience analysis.
Begin to be aware of the values, beliefs, and practices in other cultures.
Become even more sensitive to verbal and nonverbal behavior.

3. Communicating Across Cultures
To learn how to
Deal with discrimination.
Adapt to different expectations in the workplace.
Use bias-free language and photos.

4. Communicating Across Cultures
Start by answering these questions:
What is “culture”?
How does culture affect business communication?
There are so many different cultures! How can I know enough to communicate?

5. Communicating Across Cultures
Start by answering these questions:
Are differences among generations changing the workplace and how we communicate?
How can I make my documents bias-free?

6. Diversity and Culture Basics
Diversity has always been with us—even if people didn’t recognize it or its value.
No “one-size-fits-all” approach to working with cultural differences exists.
Use information here as guidelines.
Remember that people are individuals as well as group members.
Diversity in the workplace comes from many sources. In the U.S., for instance, a third of Americans are Native Americans or of African, Latino, or Asian descent. Familiarize yourself with all of the dimensions of diversity in the workplace and use sensitivity and respect when working with people with backgrounds different than your own. Rather than expect easy answers, use research and experience to guide you.

7. Diversity and Culture Basics continued
Be open to change and difference.
Globalization is changing how we do business.
Services performed by non-U.S. workers are increasingly common.
Offshoring of jobs will continue.
Forrester Research predicts 3.3 million white-collar jobs to leave in the next 15 years.
Globalization is changing the way we do things – fast! While the U.S. has always been a diverse country, Americans now face even more dimensions of diversity than ever before. Be open to change and difference. Also, expect to see who does work and from where to continue to change throughout this century.

8. Diversity in the Workplace
Gender
Race and ethnicity
Regional and national origin
Social class
Religion
Age
Sexual orientation
Physical ability
Familiarize yourself with the many dimensions of diversity in the workplace, which can include but are not limited to gender, race, ethnicity, regional and national origin, social class, religion, age, sexual orientation, and physical ability..

9. Diversity in the Workplace continued
High-Context Cultures
Most information is inferred from the context of a message.
Little is “spelled out.”
Examples: Japanese, Arabic, and Latin American cultures.
Compared to low-context cultures, high-context cultures often prefer politeness and indirectness in messages.

10. Diversity in the Workplace continued
Low-Context Cultures
Context is less important than words.
Most information is spelled out; words are privileged.
Examples: German, Scandinavian, and dominant U.S. cultures.
Context is less important in low-context cultures, which prefer direct approaches and privilege the written word.

11. Diversity in the Workplace continued
Remember
In nations like the U.S., Canada, and Brazil, multiple cultures exist. While the dominant culture may be privileged, recognize that minority cultures may have different norms with regard to behavior.
Many countries are multicultural. Even if a single culture is dominant, subcultures may prefer different forms of communication. Analyze your audience carefully to understand cultural norms.

12. Dimensions of Culture Values, Beliefs, and Practices
Nonverbal Communication
Body Language
Eye Contact
Gestures
Space
Spatial Arrangements
Time
Dress
Colors
Height
Oral Communication
Understatement, Exaggeration, and Silence
Culture influences every single aspect of business communication, including how to show politeness and respect, how much information to give, and how to motivate people. Understanding culture is a complex process with many variables.

13. Conversational Style
How long a pause tells you that it’s your turn to speak?
Do you see interruption as rude?
Do you show interest by asking lots of questions?
Deborah Tannen coined the term “conversational style” to denote our conversational pattens and the meaning we give to them. Different conversational styles are no better or worse than each other, but people with different conversational styles may feel uncomfortable without knowing why. Analyze your own conversational style to begin to understand the style of others.

14. Communicating with Different Cultures
Brenda Arbalaez suggests being
Aware that values and behaviors are influenced by culture.
Flexible.
Sensitive.
Aware of the others’ values, beliefs, and practices.
Sensitive to differences among individuals.
If you plan to travel to a specific country, or if you work with people from other cultures, read about that country or culture to learn more about the language. Also, talk to people from that country or culture. By being open-minded, you may find these experiences best prepare you to communicate with different cultures. Brenda Arbalaez also suggests these principles.

15. Generational Differences
Different opinions on birth years, but in general:
Baby Boomers (post-WWII to middle 1960s).
Generation X (middle 1960s to early 1980s).
Millennials (Early 1980s to middle 1990s).
Some observers see challenges.
Generational differences – and the potential conflicts because of them – have made headlines lately. The three generations involved are Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials (sometimes called Generation Y).

16. Generational Differences continued
Baby Boomers and Millennials
Two largest U.S. generations.
May differ in opinion on appropriate workplace
Dress.
Ethics.
Hierarchies.
Expectations.
Responsiveness.
Autonomy.
Goals.
Technology.
Communication.
Conflicts among Baby Boomers and Millennials have made headlines lately. Members of these generations may differ on a variety of workplace issues including dress, ethics, responsiveness, technology, and communication.

17. Generational Differences continued
Millennials’ strengths include
Multitasking.
Optimism.
Confidence.
Enthusiasm.
Organization.
Goal Orientation.
Technology use.
Millennials’ strengths include multitasking, optimism, confidence, ethnusiasm, goal orientation, and technology use.

18. Ways to Make Language Nonsexist
Use
Words that treat both sexes respectfully.
Titles that do not imply one sex “ought” to do a certain job.
The appropriate gender pronoun when referring to a specific person.
Nonsexist language treats both sexes neutrally. Check to be sure that your writing is free from sexism in four areas: words and phrases, job titles, pronouns, and courtesy titles.

19. Ways to Make Language Nonsexist continued
Use
“Ms.” As the courtesy title for a woman unless
The woman has a professional title.
You know that a woman prefers to be addressed by a traditional title.

20. Ways to Make Language Nonsexist continued
When you write about anyone who may be in a job or position, make pronouns nonsexist.
Use plurals.
Use you.
Revise the sentence to omit the pronoun
Use pronoun pairs.

21. Ways to Make Language Nonracist
Eliminate adjectives that reinforce negative stereotypes.
Biased: The motivated black students were assigned to internship positions throughout the company.
Bias-free: The students were assigned to internship positions throughout the company.
Language is nonracist when it treats all races fairly, avoiding negative stereotypes. Many groups have their own preferred terms when being referenced. In situations that call for mentioning race, use the preferred term.

22. Ways to Make Language Nonracist continued
Identify race or ethnic origin only if it’s relevant.
Biased: Paloma Esteban, a Latino, has been appointed Vice-President of Finance.
Bias-free: Mike Waters, a Sioux, translated the governor’s speech into the Lakota language.

23. Ways to Make Language Nonracist continued
Eliminate words and phrases with negative connotations.
Biased: Many of our managers who come from culturally deprived backgrounds now function as role models for young people through our mentoring program.

24. Ways to Make Language Nonracist continued
Bias-free: Many of our managers whose family heritage is African, Asian, Spanish, or Appalachian now function as role models for young people through our mentoring program.

25. Talking about People with Diseases or Disabilities
Use “people first” language and avoid using adjectives as nouns.
Biased:
the alcoholic
the drug addict
the handicapped
Bias-free:
the woman who is an alcoholic
the man who abuses drugs
people with disabilities
One is six people in the U.S. has a disability, and the number of people with disabilities is expected to rise as the population ages. When writing or speaking about someone with a disability or disease, put the emphasis on the person unless the situation calls for discussing the disability or disease.

26. Talking about People with Diseases or Disabilities continued
Emphasize people’s abilities, not their limits or disabilities.
Biased: Jenny Ling has done an outstanding job as our spokesperson, even though she has diabetes.
Bias-free: Jenny Ling has done an outstanding job as our spokesperson for the past seven years.

27. Ways to Make Language Nonagist
Refer to age only if it’s truly relevant.
Biased: Tomoko Watanabe, 67, is president of Competitive Data Management.
Bias-free: Tomoko Watanabe is president of Competitive Data Management.
In most situations, a person’s age, race, disability, or disease is irrelevant. If you must discuss any of these qualities, avoid negative stereotypes, and use a respectful term. For instance, while senior citizens and golden agers may be acceptable to some audiences, more generally accepted terms are older people and mature customers.

28. Ways to Make Language Nonagist continued
Avoid stereotypes.
Biased: With her grandmotherly ways, good old Mary Grace makes everyone in Unit 2 feel special.
Bias-free: For the past 35 years, Mary Grace has been helping to create team spirit in Unit 2.

29. Ways to Make Language Nonagist continued
Avoid negative labels for children, such as “children from broken homes.”
Remember families can be single-parent and diverse.
Use nonsexist descriptions and images of children.

30. Bias Free Photos and Illustrations
Check visuals for bias.
Are the people diverse?
Are power relationships balanced?
Can you create your own visuals rather than rely on biased clip art?
Visuals may reflect bias, especially clip art. Be sure to review the content of visuals carefully—are the visuals accurate for your message and for your organization? Will they offend people?