1. Portuguese Expansion

2. Background Ottoman Empire monopoly over trade Precedents Crusades
Ming dynasty
Religion

5. Henry the Navigator Portuguese Prince
Search to find a new route to Asia
1418, sent out observers
Reached western bulge of Africa

6. Bartholomew Dias
1488, Round the tip of Africa
“Cape of Good Hope”

7. Vasco de Gama 1498 sets out for India Reaches Calicut, India
Establishes trading posts
Second voyage,
Ventures as far as China

8. Muslim Reaction 1509, major skirmish Egyptian-Turk-Arabs
Muslim fleets decimated
Portuguese use superior ships
Caravel

10. South America Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 1500 Portuguese claim Brazil
Native tribes
Colonization begun 1534
Export sugar
Import slaves

12. Spanish Explorations

13. Unification of Spain Initially several states Mostly Muslim
Ferdinand and Isabel’s marriage
Defeated Muslim leader, Abu-al-Hasan
Unite various states into Spain

14. Catholic Spain Spanish Inquisition
Converso (conversions) or expellsiun

15. Ambitions to Go Abroad Severed relations with Ottoman Empire
Portugal found route around Africa
Decided not to go northward
Only other option: Westward across the Atlantic Ocean

16. Christopher Columbus Conflicting reports
Based research off of Marco Polo
Miscalculated circumference of the Earth
Quest for a donor

17. Columbus’ Voyages
1492
1493
1498
1502

19. Spain and Portugal Rivalries Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesilla (1449)

20. Conquest of the Aztecs Cortes arrives in 1519
Initially amicable relationship
Kills off huge percentage of Aztec population
Disrupted Aztec tribute system

21. Conquest of the Incas 1533, first encounter Emperor Arahaulpa
Conquistador Francisco Pizarro
Disease decimates Inca civilization

22. Philip II Known as the Siglo de Oro Co-ruled with his crazy sister
Conquered most of Portuguese Empire
Devoutly Roman Catholic

23. Crusade Against the Muslims
Invaded Northern Africa in 1567
Pushed back Muslim forces (buffer zone)
1570, uprooting of Muslims
1571, Pope calls for Holy War against Ottoman Empire

24. English-Spanish Warfare
Henry VIII initially married to Catherine of Aragon
Philip tried to create a marriage alliance with Elizabeth I
When this failed, invaded in 1585
Spanish Armada badly defeated

25. Atlantic Slave Trade

26. Background Definition? As old as civilization Aristotle
Rome and Plantations
Muslims and African slave trade

27. Why Was Atlantic Slave Trade Worse
Staggering Numbers
12 million people sold
Sent to Caribbean, Brazil, United States

28. Acquisition of Slaves Africa, series of civilizations
Africans captured during war sold into slave trade
Economic commodity
Shipped to the Americas

31. Life of a Slave Sold on the market Work and terror
Household or agricultural work
In Brazil, harvested sugar cane

32. Life Expectancies Brazil – live to about 23
Live longer in U.S. and British colonies
Resulted in other problems