1. Tissue-Engineered Cardiac Constructs for Cardiac Repair
Shigeru Miyagawa, MD, PhD, Matthias Roth, MD, Atsuhiro Saito, PhD, Yoshiki Sawa, MD, PhD, Sawa Kostin, PhD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 91, Issue 1, Pages (January 2011)
DOI: /j.athoracsur
Copyright © 2011 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Diagram shows the method for engineering the cell sheets. Cell sheets harvested from a temperature-responsive culture dish can be layered to construct a 3-dimensional cardiac graft. (PIPAAm = poly(N-isopropylacrylamide.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2011 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2 Possible regeneration mechanisms in myoblast sheet implantation
Myoblast sheets are proposed to preserve the left ventricular (LV) geometry, provide elastic tissue to a stiffened scar, and cause cytokine (HGF, SDF-1 etc) release. These cytokines may help restore cytoskeletal proteins, reduce fibrosis, increase angiogenesis, and promote cell migration to the damaged myocardium. These effects may induce improved regional diastolic function, leading to improved systolic function. Solid lines indicate evidence provided by published reports. Dotted lines indicate theoretical mechanisms. (HGF = hepatocyte growth factor; SDF-1= stromal cell-derived factor 1.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2011 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions