1. Chapter 7 Standards
SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia.
a. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and the role of Alexander Stephens.

2. Section 2: Deepening Divisions
Daily Essential Question
How did the North and South differ before the Civil War?

3. Differences: North and South
Class Structure: North generally based on wealth; South based on and being “born into the right family.” Southerners lived in a caste system.
Education: There was no formal education system in the South. The North had numerous systems of education.
Economy: Northern economy was based on mining, industry, banks, stores, and railroads. Southern economy was based strictly on agriculture.
Culture: The North had most of the large cities and culture centers. The South was few limited in this regard.

4. Differences: North and South
Sectionalism: The belief that a given region of the country was better than another area of the country.
States’ rights: Belief that the state’s interests take precedence over interests of national government.
Tariffs: Southerners wanted low tariffs to maximize profit but the North wanted high, protective tariffs.
Slavery: The North wanted slavery abolished, but the South supported slavery.
Southern planter system consisted of large and small categories, but the wealthiest plantation owners (5%) had the most land and the most slaves.

5. Southern Class Structure
Large 1%
Small 4%
Planters
Farmers with slaves
20% 2%
Merchants & People with letters
75%
Yeoman Farmers 6%
Free Blacks
48%
Slaves

7. Free Blacks & Slaves
By 1860, there were 500,000 free blacks in U.S. and 4,000,000 slaves.
Only 6% of free blacks lived in South (mostly Virginia and Maryland). 3,500 free blacks lived in Georgia by 1860.
In 1830, there were 3,775 free black slave owners in the South who owned 12,760 slaves, with 80% of them located in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. That number almost doubled by 1860.
By 1860, 11.5 percent of nation’s 4 million slaves lived in Georgia.
Slaves in the lower South cultivated “King Cotton” which accounted for 50% of America’s exports.

8. The Abolitionists
Abolitionists were people that led the movement to do away with slavery.
Abolitionists were mostly northern whites, with some southerners and free blacks.
Abolitionists made speeches, wrote books & articles, and offered their homes as safe houses for runaway slaves in the Underground Railroad.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe, portrayed the evils of slavery and was the best-selling novel of the 19th century.
North Star and The Abolitionist were anti-slavery newspapers.
William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were all famous abolitionists.

10. States’ Rights
States’ rights: Belief that the state’s interests take precedence over interests of national government.
The Tenth Amendment states that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the States, are reserved to the States or the people.
Northern states believed that all states should abide by laws made by the national government.
Southern states believed that states had right to govern themselves and decide what would be best for their own situation.

11. The Missouri Compromise
The compromise was approved in 1820.
Missouri entered as a slave state, and Maine entered the Union as a free state.
The compromise allowed 11 free states and 11 slave states to balance representation in the U.S. Congress.
The compromise prohibited slavery north of 36°30' latitude (the southern border of Missouri).
Temporarily solved slavery controversy between the states.

14. The Tariff of 1828
The Tariff of 1828 was passed as a Northern protective tariff.
It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.
Pressured by British abolitionists, the British reduced their imports of cotton from the U.S., which weakened the southern economy.
The tariff forced the South to buy manufactured goods from U.S. manufacturers in the North.

15. The Tariffs of 1832
The purpose of this tariff was to act as remedy for the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828.
Even though the Tariff of 1832 helped ease the strain on the South, it was not enough to prevent a crisis.
The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis between the North and South over protective tariffs.
South Carolina refused to pay the tariffs and signed the Ordinances of Nullification.
President Jackson threatened to send in the U.S. Army and Congress signed the Force Act. South Carolina repelled the ordinances and paid the tariffs.
The 1832 Tariff was replaced by the Compromise Tariff of 1833.

18. The Compromise of 1850 California would enter Union as a free state.
Texas gave up New Mexico territory as a slave state.
The compromise banned the slave trade in the District of Columbia (the nation’s capital).
The compromise upheld the Fugitive Slave Act.
Utah and New Mexico territories were open to slavery under popular sovereignty.

21. The Georgia Platform
The Georgia Platform was a statement made by a Georgia Convention in response to the Compromise of 1850.
Many Georgians hoped would become a secessionist convention.
The Georgia Platform supported the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act. It also told the North to stop banning slavery in new states.
The Platform had political significance throughout the South.
Alexander Stephens was instrumental in keeping the Georgia Platform together.

23. Alexander Stephens
Alexander Stephens was a Georgia congressman from Crawfordville.
He was a leader of the Whig party and later joined the Democrat party.
He strongly influenced the success of the Georgia Platform.
He was strongly against Georgia’s secession from the Union.
He would be voted to be vice president of the Confederate States of America.
After the Civil War, he would be elected to the U.S. Senate, to the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Governor of the state of Georgia.

25. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
In 1854, the act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to be future states.
Both those territories had right of popular sovereignty.
Popular sovereignty: When a territory asked for statehood, the people could vote on slavery.
Freesoilers and pro-slavery supporters flooded into the Kansas territory to try and sway the vote.
The border war between these two groups became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

29. Dred Scott
Dred Scott was a slave who filed suit in 1846 to obtain his freedom because he had lived in free states.
Missouri state law stated “If any man had been free for any amount of time, he was free for life.”
Scott lost most of his cases and the Supreme Court finally made its ruling in 1857.
The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property not citizens and therefore, could not file lawsuits.
The Supreme Court also ruled that U.S. Congress could not stop slavery in the territories.
Decision further separated the North and South.

31. The Abolitionists
Abolitionists were people that led the movement to do away with slavery.
Abolitionists were mostly northern whites, with some southerners and free blacks.
Abolitionists made speeches, wrote books & articles, and offered their homes as safe houses for runaway slaves in the Underground Railroad.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe, portrayed the evils of slavery and was the best-selling novel of the 19th century.
North Star and The Abolitionist were anti-slavery newspapers.
William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass.

33. John Brown’s Raid
John Brown was a white abolitionist who led a raid on federal arsenal (arms storehouse) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
Brown wanted weapons and ammunition to lead a rebellion to free the South’s slaves.
Brown had been involved in the border war of “Bleeding Kansas.”
The raid failed, Brown was captured and hung for treason against the United States.
The John Brown raid added to fear and distrust among Southerners but to many Northerners, Brown became a hero.

37. Antebellum Georgia Politics
Democrats and Whigs were two major political parties in Georgia.
Democrats supported states’ rights and took strong stand for slavery.
Whigs mainly from upper social classes, favored a moderate protective tariff and federal help for the South.
Most governors were Whigs but most legislators were Democrats.
A secret party, the Know-Nothing party, did not want immigrants to become citizens or hold political office.

38. Alexander Stephens
Alexander Stephens was a Georgia congressman from Crawfordville.
He was a leader of the Whig party and later joined the Democrat party.
He strongly influenced the success of the Georgia Platform.
He was strongly against Georgia’s secession from the Union.
He would be voted to be vice president of the Confederate States of America.
After the Civil War, he would be elected to the U.S. Senate, to the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Governor of the state of Georgia.

39. The Republican Party
Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, ex-Whigs, ex-Democrats, and ex-Freesoilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to expansion of slavery.
Early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan "free labor, free land, free men."
The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois as their presidential candidate.
Southern and Northern Democrats split over slavery issues and nominated separate candidates.
Southerners angrily viewed the plans of the Republicans and Lincoln as non-beneficial to the South.

41. Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln often expressed moral opposition to slavery in both public and private.
Lincoln was politically attacked as an abolitionist, but he did not consider himself one.
Lincoln did not call for the immediate end of slavery everywhere in the U.S. until the proposed 13th Amendment in 1864.
Lincoln advocated that slave owners be compensated for emancipated slaves.
One of Lincoln's administration policies was the voluntary colonization of African American Freedmen.

45. The Election of 1860
The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final conflict that led to the American Civil War.
Lincoln won with less than 40% of the popular vote nationwide and the split in the Democratic party is considered as the reason for Lincoln's victory.
Lincoln would still have won in the Electoral College, 169 to 134, even if all anti-Lincoln voters had united behind a single candidate.
Before Lincoln's inauguration, seven Southern states seceded (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas) and formed the Confederacy.
Secessionists from four additional border states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina) joined the Confederacy after the attack on Ft. Sumter.

48. Georgia and Lincoln’s Election
Georgians were, for the most part, for the Union, however, they were more for states’ rights.
Despite lawmakers’ strong debates against secession, a Secession convention began in January 1861 at the state capital in Milledgeville.
A secession ordinance (bill) to leave the Union was passed by a vote of
The Southern states who seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama in February, 1861 and they formed the Confederate States of America.

49. Georgians in Leadership
Robert Toombs named Secretary of State of the Confederate States of American (CSA).
Alexander H. Stephens named Vice-President of the Confederate States of American (CSA).
Joseph E. Brown favored secession and used his terms as governor to prepare Georgia for war.   

50. Chapter 7 Summary The Eight Causes of the Civil War: Class Structure
Sectionalism
Culture
Education
Economics
Tariffs
States’ Rights
Slavery

51. Chapter 7 Summary The Seven Events that led to the Civil War:
The Missouri Compromise
The Tariffs of 1828 & 1832
The Compromise of 1850
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Dred Scott decision
John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860