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Pathways for bradykinin formation and inflammatory disease

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1 Pathways for bradykinin formation and inflammatory disease
Allen P. Kaplan, MD, Kusumam Joseph, PhD, Michael Silverberg, PhD  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Volume 109, Issue 2, Pages (February 2002) DOI: /mai Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2 Fig. 1 Pathways for formation and degradation of bradykinin.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3 Fig. 2 Contact activation pathway leading to bradykinin formation. HMW , High molecular weight. Reprinted with permission from Blood, Principles and Practice . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co; p Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

4 Fig. 3 Diagrammatic representation depicting the sequential cleavages occurring in factor XII and leading initially to factor XIIa, followed by cleavages external to the disulfide bridge to form factor XIIf (1) and factor XIIf (2). Note that only the C-terminal portion of the heavy-chain disulfide is linked to the light chain. Reprinted with permission from Blood, Principles and Practice . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co; p Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

5 Fig. 4 Domain structure of HK depicting attachment to an endothelial cell by domains 3 and 5 interacting with cytokeratin 1 and gC1qR, respectively. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

6 Fig. 5 The gene for HK. The mature mRNAs are assembled by means of alternative splicing events in which the light-chain sequences are attached to the 3′ end of the 12-amino-acid common sequence C-terminal to bradykinin. HMWK , High-molecular-weight kininogen; LMWK , low-molecular-weight kininogen. Reprinted with permission from Blood, Principles and Practice . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co; p Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

7 Fig. 6 Iodine 125-labeled HK binding to HUVECs and its inhibition by mAbs. A , HUVECs were incubated with iodine 125-labeled HK (20 nmol/L) in the presence (filled circles) or absence (filled triangles) of 50 μmol/L zinc. B , For inhibition studies, cells were preincubated with mAbs or nonimmune mouse IgG for 30 minutes. The lines represent HK-binding values after treatment with an mAb to gC1qR (open squares) , an mAb to u-PAR (filled triangles) , an mAb to cytokeratin 1 (filled squares) , a combination of mAbs to gC1qR and cytokeratin 1 (filled diamonds) , and a control mouse IgG (filled circles) . Each point is a mean of 3 different experiments performed in triplicate. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

8 Fig. 7 Generation of bradykinin along the endothelial-cell surface through zinc-dependent interaction of HK and factor XII with a cell-surface receptor (representing gC1qR, cytokeratin 1, and u-PAR, perhaps as a complex). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

9 Fig. 8 Prekallikrein activation on endothelial cells. A , Endothelial cells were incubated with normal (filled circles) , prekallikrein-deficient (open circles) , factor XII-deficient (open squares) , or HK-deficient (open triangles) plasmas for 1 hour at 37°C and washed with zinc-containing buffer, and prekallikrein activation was monitored. B , Endothelial cells were preincubated with antibodies to cytokeratin 1 (open triangles) , gC1qR (open squares) , or a combination of both (open circles) for 30 minutes before addition of normal plasma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

10 Fig. 9 Pathway for formation of bradykinin, indicating all steps inhibitable by C1 inhibitor, as well as complement activation by means of factor XIIf. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /mai ) Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

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