1. African-American Women’s Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Fighting Racism & Sexism in the Age of Progressivism

2. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)
Writer, poet, lecturer, and political activist
Raised by her uncle in Baltimore, MD
Supported Frederick Douglass’ s position to support the 15th Amendment
Author of Iola Leroy

3. National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs
Our women's movement is a woman's movement in that it is directed by women for the good of women, and men, for the benefit of all humanity...We want, we ask the active interest of our men;...we are not alienating of withdrawing, we are only coming to the front, willing to join any others in the same work." Josephine Ruffin

4. Mary Church Terrell
African-American women "with ambition and aspiration [are] handicapped on account of their sex, but they are everywhere baffled and mocked on account of their race."

5. Ida B. Wells-Barnett

6. Wells-Barnett Exploded the Rationale for Lynching

7. Anna Julia Cooper
To be a woman of the race, and to be able to grasp the significance of the possibilities was a heritage unique in the ages.

8. Adella Hunt Logan An educator at Tuskeegee Institute
Major Interests after marriage: clubwork and women’s suffrage
“Passed” so that she could spy and report on NAWSA’s southern conventions

9. Maggie Lena Walker First Woman Bank President
Right Worthy Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of St Luke
Registered 80% of eligible black women

10. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Founded the first civic club in Boston, the Woman’s Era Club
Owned, operated, and published Woman’s Era magazine
Worked across racial lines for women’s suffrage