1. Programming TCP Sockets
Version 2007

2. The TCP Client’s Socket
A TCP socket is an abstraction representing one end in a communication link between two programs. When an application wants to send/receive data to/from a TCP/IP network it has to open one
A socket is always bound to a port (although sometimes this will be not evident for the programmer, especially if the program is a client one). The port is the way an application identifies a certain socket with the TCP/IP layer
A server which runs on a server also opens a socket bound to a certain port and start listening to requests from the clients whishing to establish a communication.
In order to establish a TCP/IP communication with a server, a client has to previously know 1- the port number, 2- the host address. With this information the client tries a rendezvous where the server is already running and listening.

3. TCP Client in Java (1)
For trying a rendezvous in Java client we must create an object of the Socket class.
Socket(String host, int port)
Socket csocket = new Socket(“hostname”,7);
A host address can be given as an IP number or name: dichato.dcc.uchile.cl or In the first case Java will do the DNS lookup first.
The creation of a socket is a blocking statement. This means that the execution of the program will block until the creation returns a socket connected to the server or a null if it fails.
A failure to create a socket may arise if there is no such host in the internet, if the host is not currently reachable, or if there is no server listening to that port on that host. There is a timeout (default) for this instruction.
A failure will throw a checked Exception. It is therefore necessary to program the socket creation within a try-and- catch block

4. TCP Client in Java (2)
After the socket is created we can open an InputStream and an OuputStream from that socket in order to read data from an write data into the server.
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
csocket.getOutputStream(), true);
BufferedReader In = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(csocket.getInputStream()));
Both getInputStream & getOutputStream open byte oriented data streams. Printwriter & BufferedReader are “filters” which convert bytes into text (string with end-of-line marks) and vice-versa.
out.print(“hello”); out.println(“how are you ?”);
String linea = in.readLine();
readLine is a blocking sentence. For using it we must be sure the server will send an eol mark.

5. A Client for the date server
Protocol: The date server just waits until someone tries a rendezvous and answers with the current date of the server. This means the client must try rendezvous (1) and then read the response of the server (2). Then the server breaks the communication. No data can be read anymore (the result would be null).
2- read data
Client
Date server
1- connect 13
DateClient
URLs of time servers

6. import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class DateClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
dateSocket = new Socket(args[0],PORT);
//opening a text-oriented input channel
in = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(dateSocket.getInputStream()));
//read data from server
String line = in.readLine();
//print on the screen
System.out.println("date received: " + line);
//close socket and everything attached to it
dateSocket.close(); }

7. The Sockets constructors
Socket(String host, int port) The port must be in the range 1-65,535
Socket(InetAddress host, int port)The same but with an InetAddress object as parameter
Socket(String host, int port, InetAddress localHost, int localport) Every TCP communication consists of a local and remote host and a local and remote port. This constructor allows us to specify all them. Specifying local address makes only sense when local computer is multihomed (more than one address). If null is given, default address is used. Sometimes it is necessary to specify the local port (firewalls). If 0 is given the system will assign a random available port number. Numbers from 1 to 1025 should not be used as they are reserved for “well known services” like echo, telnet finger, ftp.

8. More Socket methods in Java
InetAddress getInetAddress() returns the IP address of the remote host to which the socket is connected
int getPort() returns the port number to which the socket at the other extreme is bound
InetAddress getLocalAddress() returns the IP address of the local host
int getLocalPort() returns the port number to to which the socket is bound.
void setSoTimeout(int timeout)sets timeout in milliseconds for a read operation on this socket. 0 = no timeout, this can block the operation indefinitely. If the reading operation is not completed in that time an InterruptedIOException is thrown
int getSoTimeout() returns the timeout of the socket

9. More Socket methods in Java
void setTcpNoDelay(boolean on) Disables/Enables using the Nagel’s algorithm which makes TCP more efficient by delaying the writing (sending) of small amounts of data until there is enough data to send. This may introduce some unacceptable delays for some applications.
boolean getTcpNoDelay() returns whether the Nagel’s algorithm is working or not
void setSoLinger(boolean on, int val) allows to set a linger time-out (in milliseconds). Linger is the time the socket communication remains “open” by the system after the program closes it. This will allow to receive packages for confirmation which are still delayed and avoid the using of the same port on the same machine for some 4 min.
int getSoLinger () returns the current linger setting or –1 if not set.
void setSendBufferSize(int size)
int getSendBufferSize()
void setReceiveBufferSize(int size)
int getReceiveBufferSize()

10. Socket originated Exceptions
Many of the Socket constructors and methods throw a checked exception, mostly from a type extended from IOException. These instructions should be programmed inside a try-and-catch block
Most of the thrown exceptions are objects from a subclass of the IOException class
BindException: the requested local port or address could not be used. Typically when the port is already used or it is a system port or the local address is not a valid one.
ConnectException: connection refused because there was no server listening to that port on the remote host.
NoRouteToHostException: remote host could not be reached typically because of network problems or a firewall
UnknownHostException: the given host address is not valid (DNS Lookup filed)

11. Programming the Server
What happens on the server when the client tries to establish a rendezvous ?
The server starts listening to requests on a ServerSocket
After accepting the request the resulting connection is attached to another (normal) socket (same type as client’s socket)

12. Sockets at the Server Side (1)
The server should start by creating a server socket bound to a certain port according to the protocol of the service.
ServerSocket listening;
listening = new ServerSocket(5555);
(or ServerSocket(portnumber, queueLength)
This will create the socket but the server is still not listening. To do this we should apply the following method to the socket:
Socket toClient = listening.accept();
This sentence works the following way:
accept blocks the execution of the program until there is a petition for a connection from a client executing the instruction
calling = new Socket(host, 5555);
When the requirement arrives, a TCP connection is established between the two computers. The client receives in its socket one end of this link and the server the other.

13. Sockets at the Server Side(2)
At the server side we can apply the same methods as we did at the client side. Particularly we may need to open an input and an output data stream.
After this, the server should implement the protocol.
It is important that both side follow this protocol in order not to block the communication and/or miss some data. This mean following the “turn taking” rules of sending to and receiving data and the format of the data to be exchanged.
Note that the server socket (and port) at which the server was originally listening to requests is not used anymore. This is a design issue

14. A Date Server
We will program now a date server for a computer which has no one
1) answer with the date in another socket
2) close the connection
Client
Date server 13
a) Create the server socket
b) start listening

15. import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class DateServer {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//If I don't want to care about exception I put throws Exception
//create a server socket bound to the port passed as parameter
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(Integer.parseInt(args[0]));
while(true) {
System.out.println("Waiting for client...");
Socket client = server.accept();
System.out.println("Accepted from "+client.getInetAddress());
PrintWriter bo = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream(),true);
//creating a date objrct with the System's date
Date d = new Date();
// sending
bo.println(d.toString()); }

16. Downloading files 2) Input filename from keyboard
1) Connect ) Send filename
4) Send bytes
5) Write bytes
3) Read bytes
Repeat 3,4,5 until
all the file is transmitted
ArchServidor.java
ArchCliente.java
This file server is very unstable !!!

17. import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class ArchServidor {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(666);
while(true) {
cs = ss.accept();
BufferedReader inSocket = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(cs.getInputStream()));
String fileName = inSocket.readLine();
FileInputStream inFile = new FileInputStream(fileName);
OutputStream outSocket = cs.getOutputStream();
int b;
byte ab[] = new byte[1024];
while ((b= inFile.read(ab,0,1024) ) != -1) {
outSocket.write(ab,0,b); }

18. import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
public class ArchCliente {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Socket elSocket = null;
elSocket = new Socket(args[0], 4449);
PrintWriter outSocket = new PrintWriter(elSocket.getOutputStream(),true);
outSocket.println(args[1]);
FileOutputStream outFile = new FileOutputStream(fileName);
InputStream inSocket = elSocket.getInputStream();
int b;
byte ab[] = new byte[1024];
while ((b= inSocket.read(ab,0,1024) ) != -1)
outFile.write(ab,0,b); }