1. Ethics: Doing the Right Thing
Chapter 3

2. The Ethical Imperative
Balancing two priorities when doing research
Protecting research participants and upholding boarder human rights.
Gaining knowledge and finding a clear answer to a research question.

3. The Ethical Imperative
Researchers have a strong moral and professional obligation to act ethically at all times and in all situations
Scientific Misconduct
Scientific misconduct = violating basic and generally accepted standards of honest scientific research, such as research fraud and plagiarism.

4. The Ethical Imperative
Scientific Misconduct
Research fraud = to invent, falsify or distort study data or to lie about how a study was conducted.
Plagiarism = using another person’s words or ideas without giving them proper credit and instead passing them off as your own.
Unethical but Legal

5. The Ethical Imperative
Unethical but Legal
Typology Of Legal And Ethical Actions In Research
LEGAL
ETHICAL
Yes No
Moral and Legal
Legal but Immoral
Illegal but Moral
Immoral and Illegal

6. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
The Origin of Ethical Principles with Humans
Protect Research Participants from Harm
Avoid Harm To Research Participants
Physical harm 
Psychological abuse, stress, or loss of self-esteem  
Legal harm

7. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Participation Must be Voluntary and Informed
Principle of Voluntary Consent = never force anyone to participate in a research study. Participants should explicitly and voluntarily agree to participate.
Informed Consent = An agreement in which participants state they are willing to be in a study and they know what the research procedure will involve.

8. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Limits to Using Deception in Research
Deception is Acceptable Only Within Strict Limits
it has a clear, specific methodological purpose
use it only to the minimal degree necessary and for shortest time;
obtain informed consent and do not misrepresent any risks;
always debrief.
Avoid coercion.

9. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Privacy, Anonymity, and Confidentiality
Privacy has two components:
Anonymity = not connecting a participant’s name or identifying details to information collected about him or her.
Confidentiality = holding information in confidence or not making it known to the public.

10. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Confidentiality
Anonymity
YES NO
Gather data so it is impossible for anyone to link it to any name and release findings in aggregate form.
Privately link details about a specific participant to a name, but only publicly release findings in aggregate form
Release details about a specific participant to the public, but withhold the name and details that might allow someone to trace back to the person.
Unethical
Reveal publicly details about a person with his/her name

11. Ethical Issues Involving Research Participants
Extra Protections for Special Populations
Special populations = people lacking the cognitive competency or full freedom to give true informed consent.
Formal Protections for Research Participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB) = a committee of researchers and community members that oversees, monitors, and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants.
Code of Ethics = A written, formal set of professional standards that provides guidance when ethical questions arise in practice.

12. Ethics and the Sponsors of Research
Arriving at Particular Findings
Limits on How to Conduct Studies
Suppressing Findings
Whistle-blowing = when a researcher sees unethical behavior and after unsuccessful attempts to get superiors to end it, goes public to expose the wrongdoing.

13. Political Influences on Research
Political concerns can influence and interfere with the research process.

14. Value-Free and Objective Research
Multiple Meanings
Value free has two meanings:
research without any prior assumptions or theory,
research free of influence from an individual researcher’s personal prejudices/beliefs.
Objective has two meanings as well:
focus only on what is external or visible,
follow clear and publicly accepted research procedures and not haphazard, invented personal ones.

15. Value-Free and Objective Research
Alternative Goals
Devoid of Values