1. World geography
Nov. 21, 2014

2. Remaining schedule
Unit 8 – Urban Geography Unit 9 – Industry and Services Unit 10 – Human Environment

3. Next class
- Wrap-up Unit 7 (Political Geography) - Introduce Unit 8 (Urban Geography)

4. Geopolitics
Geopolitics: The interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations
Classical geopolitics
- German School (Ratzel’s organic state theory)
- British /American School (Mackinder’s heartland theory)

5. Ratzels’ Organic State Theory
- Based on Darwin’s theories of evolution - Need of a state for territory and overseas connections in order to survive - Described expansion of empires and large states in the 19th century - Eventually contributed to Nazi expansion

6. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
- Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland - Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island - Who rules the World Island commands the world

7. Critical Geopolitics
Ideas of intellectuals of statecraft about places - Influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices - Affect how ordinary people process notions of places and politics

8. “Us” vs. “Them” Cold War - “Shining city on a hill” (United States)
- Evil Empire (Soviet Union)
- “Shining city on a hill” (United States)
Replacement of Soviet Union as “them” by terrorists

9. “Us” vs. “Them”

10. Geopolitical World Order
Temporary periods of stability in conduct of politics at the global scale - Bi-polar (e.g. Soviet Union vs. U.S.A + allies) - Multi-polar (can happen in transitional periods) - Unilateralism (one country holds majority of power/influence – e.g. U.S.A)

11. Supranational Organizations
An association of 3 or more states that work to benefit and promote all members. - Common goal - More than 60 in the world today (e.g. UN, EU, APEC) - Participation helps keep peace Some fail (e.g. League of Nations) Some persist (e.g. UN)

12. Global Scale: United Nations

13. United Nations
After WWII, new organization formed to promote peace member countries - Sub organizations: - FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) - UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - WHO (World Health Organization)

14. UN Roles
- Promote “standards of behavior” among member states - Restrict, sanction member states who violate standards - Send peacekeeping troops - Aid refugees - Create Universal Declaration on Human Rights

15. Regional Scale: European Union

16. Marshall Plan
Following WWII, U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall proposed plan to help Europe recover and rebuild. - U.S. gave Europe $12,000,000 to revive economies - Influenced cooperation between European countries

17. The EU
- Marshall plan led to OEEC (Organization of European Economic Cooperation) - ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) - ECSC led to EEC (European Economic Community) - EEC led to EC (European Community)  12 members by EC became EU (European Union)

18. EU concerns
- Growing poorer countries joining  Financial concern - Concern about balance of power (e.g. Germany) - Turkey – debate over whether or not it should be a member state treatment of Kurds “European” enough?