1. Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition
Claire D. Bourke, James A. Berkley, Andrew J. Prendergast 
Trends in Immunology 
Volume 37, Issue 6, Pages (June 2016)
DOI: /j.it
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2. Figure 1
Conceptual Framework for Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Immune dysfunction can arise before birth via developmental pathways (purple), compounded by environmental and behavioral factors (yellow), particularly those experienced during early life. Immune dysfunction (blue; as defined in a recent systematic review [23] and summarized in Box 2) can contribute both directly and indirectly to a range of causal pathways (green) that lead to clinical malnutrition (red; refer to Box 1 for the clinical features of under- and overnutrition in humans). Abbreviations: HPA, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; *, refers to predisposition to metabolic syndrome in adulthood following exposure to undernutrition in infancy.
Trends in Immunology  , DOI: ( /j.it )
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