1. Conservation planning Vietnam
Complementing a Protected Areas Network for Vietnam
Student Number: Hypothetical student
ess333 practical
arts faculty
November 2018
This is a hypothetical Answer Sheet. I have put yellow explanation notes as to a typical mark.
Please use this template to answer your Practical Exam Question. There is a zipped folder on the PC Desktop marked BDC332 or ESS333 with the appropriate starting data 23. Ensure you have YOUR STUDENT NUMBER on the Title Page and this PowerPoint file is renamed to reflect your student number and the country you analysed. The completed PowerPoint needs to be put back into the same FOLDER the data is. The data includes that downloaded from IUCN Red Data List, DIVA GIS, WWF Ecoregions, Protected Planet, and ESRI. You may add images but please credit/attribute them using an in-text numbering system and a reference list on the final page.
ESS
Socialist Republic of Vietnam

2. Location of Vietnam Legend Map is neat but it lacks detail
No Capital Cities
Vietnam should be highlighted
No Overview Map
Clear Legend, Good Caption has Scale and Direction
8/10
Prepare a location map using your GIS with a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a figure caption. Your map should include neighbouring countries and their Capital cities.
Fig 1 Vietnam is located in Asia. Vietnam’s area extends about 1,650 km from north to south and is about 50 km wide east to west at its narrowest part. It is bordered by China to the north, the South China Sea to the east and south, the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and Cambodia and Laos to the west (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014).

3. Biodiversity description
This description is comprehensive
It is worked from general to specific
It has included threats
It could have included Terrestrial Ecoregions
17/20
Vietnam
Is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
Estimated 94.6 million inhabitants as of 2016
The world's 14th most populous country
Vietnam is one of the world’s most biologically diverse countries
10% of the world’s mammal, bird and fish species in habitation.
Forty percent of local plant species exist only in Vietnam
Vietnam is classified as a top priority under USAID’s Biodiversity Policy.
The economy of Vietnam is the 47th largest economy in the world measured.
Well known for traditions and cultures
Vietnam is regarded as a poor country
Main features of economic development: The production of goods ( )
Introduction
Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country’s biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

4. Biodiversity description
1 of 25 Countries to possess uniquely high biodiversity. (2005 National Environnemental Présent Condition Report)
Vietnam's fauna and Flora include:
307 nematode species,
8000 arthropods and insects,
260 reptiles,
120 amphibians,
840 birds (100 endemic)
310 mammals (78 endemic)
5,986 species of flora (10% are endemic)
Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant muntjac and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's pheasant.
The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.
The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone, and has established 126 conservation areas, including 28 national parks
Introduction
Source: Báo cáo Hiện trạng môi trường quốc gia 2005" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2009.

5. Biodiversity description
Threats/Human Impacts
Significant changes in land use, characterized by massive infrastructure development, extension of land for agricultural and industrial plantations, introduction of alien species and climate change.
Industry has put pressure on freshwater ecosystems,
Mega infrastructure projects (e.g. construction of dams for irrigation and hydropower) \ and to dysfunctional ecological processes in lagoons, resulting in changes in water circulation and facilitating saltwater intrusion into rivers
Rapid changes in recent years, leading to economic growth for the country but also to the loss of biodiversity
Increased poverty, and food insecurity among the rural poor.
An August 15 seminar in Hanoi has warned the 80% reduction in Vietnamese mangrove forest area and 96% of coral reefs seriously damaged over the past five decades pose significant threats to the country’s biodiversity.
Introduction
Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country’s biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

6. CURRENT PROTECTED AREAS
Vietnam has a total of 209 protected areas.
Of a total land area of 329, km2
Only km2 (7.78%) is conserved
Fig 2 Map of the current Protected Areas Network in Vietnam
Methods
Well prepared
10/10
Well prepared
10/10
Prepare a map of the current Protected Areas Network. The prepared map should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Data Source:

7. How to Save the species? Preparing DISTRIBUTION MAPS:
Find distribution ranges of endemic, rare and important species found in the country
Point Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Using DIVA GIS prepare Ecological Niche Models
Assign conservation target percentages and Species Penalty Scores for each species. I.e. how much of their distribution to protect.
Prepare Conservation Planning Units
Assess current protected areas to see if the given targets are being met within existing Protected Areas Network
Use MARXAN to identify complements to the existing Protected Areas
Methods

8. CONSERVATION TARGETS (25% threshold)
Well prepared but should have included if they were endemic or what.
Included Conservation Targets and Species Penalty Factors
Is prepare as genuine Boolean Raster
18/20
Conservation Target
30%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Small Toothed Mole
Euroscaptor parvidens
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 3 Distribution map of Euroscaptor parvidens.

9. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
30%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Osgood’s Rat
Rattus osgoodi
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 4 Distribution map of Rattus osgoodi

10. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
30%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey
Rhinopithecus avunculus
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 5 Distribution map of Rhinopithecus avunculus

11. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
30%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Delacour's langur
Trachypithecus delacouri
Fig 6 Distribution map of Trachypithecus delacouri

12. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
25%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Gray-shanked douc
Pygathrix cinerea
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 7 Distribution map of Pygathrix cinerea

13. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
25%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 8 Distribution map of Trachypitheous hatinhens

14. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
30%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Van Sung's shrew
Chodsigoa caovansunga
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 9 Distribution map of Chodsigoa caovansunga

15. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
50%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Annamite Water bat
Myotis annamiticus
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 10 Distribution map of Myotis annamiticus

16. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
40%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Muntjac Deer
Muntiacus puhoatensis
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 11 Distribution map of Muntiacus puhoatensis

17. CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors
60%
Species Penalty Factor 10
Methods
Vietnam mouse-deer
Tragulus versicolor
Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data ( ).
The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 12 Distribution map of Tragulus versicolor

18. CONSERVATION planning units (ecological)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Ecological Conservation Planning Units is based on intersecting the WWF Ecoregions and River Basins (Water Sheds).
Used Arcview to intersect the WWF Ecoregions and River Basins using the Geo-processing wizard.
Using a Boolean Country and Boolean Algebra the background is cleaned up and set to Zero.
Methods
Well prepared
10/10

19. Vietnam Terrestrial ecoregions
Legend
Methods
Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 14 There are 14 terrestrial ecoregions that are present in Vietnam

20. Methods Vietnam river basins
Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS
Fig 15 Map showing the River Basins (Catchment Areas) for Vietnam

21. CONSERVATION planning units (ecological)
Methods
Fig 16 A map of the ecological planning units. The ecological planning unit focuses on the ecological aspect of the area such as catchments, elevation and rainfall
Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS

22. CONSERVATION planning units (Systematic)
Methods
Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 17 Map of the systematic planning units. The systematic approach worked best as it divides the country into equal hexagons

23. CONSERVATION planning Assessment tenure
Land Tenure Assessment file prepared for Marxan analysis of Vietnam’s current protected area network.
This file allows us to determine how effective Vietnams current protected area is at meeting our conservation targets (25% threshold)
Methods
Well prepared
10/10
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 18 Vietnam’s Land Tenure Assessment

24. CONSERVATION planning tenure Evaluating Protected areas
Land tenure file is used in Marxan as a template from which suggested additions to the current protected area network will be determined to meet our conservation targets.
Methods
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.
Fig 19 Vietnam’s Land Tenure File

25. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan STEPS
___________________________________________________________________________________
Possibly add cost layer if it’s required
Change repeat runs to 1000
Make boundary length modifier 2
Select Annealing followed by iterative improvement
Make cost threshold 1600, penalty = 9 for A and 2 for B
Run Marxan
Use maps and text files as results
Insert species Booleans, give an output and continue
Repeat runs = 1
Species missing if proportion lower than = 0,95
Select only use heuristic
Run Marxan
Redo the process but replace tenure assess map with tenure map
Install the Marxan application if needed
Click on Habitat and biodiversity modeller
Click on planning then Marxan input & Output
Planning Unit Layer = hexagons or watershed
Planning Unit Tenure Layer = Tenure assess map
Methods

26. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
___________________________________________________________________________________
The running of Marxan would have resulted in an analysis of two things. Firstly an assessment of the current protected areas network to see if the conservation targets are being met within the current existing network
And secondly, to determine suitable locations where additional protected areas could be added to ensure that species targets are met
A cost surface layer would have also determine how much it would be to create these new protected areas based on the distance of the planning unit from populated areas
The results of marxan therefore represents the best possible locations where new protected areas could be established, that would firstly maximize the amount of targets saved, whilst minimizing the cost to do so.
Methods
Well prepared
10/10
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

27. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
___________________________________________________________________________________
The conservation areas could be used to meet the conservation targets at a minimal coast.
A conservation map was generated by first creating bioclimate true/false ecological niche models in diva
Marxan is a software program which identifies weak conservation areas.
Niche modules imported into IDRISI
Methods
Using the planning units and tenure file shows what areas may be considered, what is already conserved and what may not be considered such as artificial areas
Marxan software was run using each Planning Unit map, the species booleans and the two tenure maps
All maps were captured with the PrtSc and Scale bars & North Arrows were added
These were imputed into marxan and run according to the conservation targets

28. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
Land Change Modeler in IDRISI 32 was used to perform the Marxan Analysis of Vietnams Current Protected Area Network.
Methods
Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

29. Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
10 targets
Methods
Our tenure assessment, systematic planning units, and conservation targets were used to assess Vietnams current protected area network (using Heuristic run mode) and how effective it is at meeting the 25% threshold for our 10 targets.
Use this slide and simple drawings or flow diagrams to explain the core concepts of MARXAN. Ensure proper annotation and include a descriptive caption.

30. Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
Methods
Marxan was then re-run with new boundary cost parameters and using just the land tenure file. The Simulated Annealing run mode was used followed by Iterative Improvement. The output provides MARXANS most efficient way to meet the 25% target threshold of the 10 conservation targets with the most cost effective additions to the current protected area network.

31. CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan
___________________________________________________________________________________
Methods
Target %: How much of a species need to be conserved (usually 10%)
Species penalty factor: Is a value given to targets to indicate its importance for inclusion in the reserve network where higher the value the more likely that the target will be met.

32. Sources of data, attribution and acknowledgements
ArcView GIS 3.3
IDRISI 32
DIVA GIS
Marxan
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main­_Page
Eastman, JR Guide to GIS and image processing. Vol1: Clark Labs 2
UNEP-WCMC (2016). Global statistics from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC.
Coad, L. et al. (2015). Measuring impact of protected area management interventions: current and future use of the Global Database of Protected Area Management Effectiveness. Phil. Trand. R. Soc. B 370:
References
Well prepared
10/10
Ensure you provide full credit to source of information, Programs used, and referencing/attribution of referenced material. You may use more than one slide to prepared this section.