1. Introduction to Linux Commands

2. Shells Create processes that execute user commands. bash sh csh tcsh
ksh

3. Commands Typically, programs. Format:
$ command [command-options(s)] arguments …
Some commands options have their own arguments.
Ex.
ls –l *.dat
fgrep –i foot f1.dat f2.dat f3.dat
Help is available.
man ls

4. Categories Files/file system Processes Networking Program development
Misc.

5. Files/file system cat cd chmod cp fgrep find gzip/gunzip head ls mkdir
more mv od
pwd rm
tail
tar wc

6. Processes
&
ctrl-z, bg, fg
kill
nice, renice ps
top

7. Networking
ftp
hostname
ping
ssh
traceroute

8. Program development
g++
gdb
gprof
make
sccs, cvs
talk vi

9. Misc.
date
echo
exit
history
man
sort
which
who
whoami

10. Pipes and I/O redirection
Programs (including commands) typically read from stdin (typically the keyboard) and write to stdout (typically the screen/window).

11. Input redirection
Input redirection is used to make input come from a file.
sort 12 1 19
ctrl-d
sort < junk.data
sort junk.data

12. Output redirection
Output redirection is used to make output go to a file.
sort junk.data
sort junk.data > junk-sorted.data

13. Pipes Chain the output of one program to the input of another. Ex.
fgrep –i xray f1.dat f2.data … fn.dat | more
ls -l | fgrep –i chest | fgrep –i xray > results.txt

14. Windows Windows has a rudimentary shell called the command prompt.
It supports pipes and I/O redirection as well (using the exact same characters: |, <, and >).