1. Loss of Scar/WAVE Complex Promotes N-WASP- and FAK-Dependent Invasion
Haoran Tang, Ang Li, Jing Bi, Douwe M. Veltman, Tobias Zech, Heather J. Spence, Xinzi Yu, Paul Timpson, Robert H. Insall, Margaret C. Frame, Laura M. Machesky 
Current Biology 
Volume 23, Issue 2, Pages (January 2013)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Current Biology 2013 23, 107-117DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.059)
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3. Figure 1
WRC-Depleted A431 Cells Show Loss of WRC and Spreading Defects
(A) Blue native PAGE blot probed with anti-HSPC300 showing total WRC. Numbers indicate relative level of remaining complex.
(B) Stable knockdown cells in differential interference contrast (DIC) and accompanying total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) images with F-actin (phalloidin). Scale bar represents 30 μm.
(C) Cell spreading on collagen-coated glass dishes. Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(D) Cell area was measured in four cells from four independent movies per cell line. Relative cell size reflects the size at the indicated time divided by the size at t = 0. (Data points are means ± SD, n = 4. Curves are fitted with nonlinear regression.) See also Figure S1.
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4. Figure 2 Loss of WRC Components Promotes Invasion of A431 Cells
In all panels, shCtl indicates nontargeting control; shNap1 or shSra1 indicates WRC subunit knockdown.
(A) Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of cells invading into collagen gel in a 3D organotypic assay. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(B) Relative invasion distance from (A). (Data are means ± SEM, n = 24 images, three independent assays, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(C) Relative area of invading cells per field from (A). (Data are means ± SEM, n = 5 images, three independent assays, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(D) Phase-contrast images from 3D collagen-gel invasion assay. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(E and F) Relative invasion distance (E) and the relative area (F) of invading cells per field from (D). (Data are means ± SEM, n = 9 images from three independent assays, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(G) Wound healing assay. Scale bar represents 200 μm.
(H) Relative area of wound closure. (Means ± SD, n = 3 independent samples, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(I) Matrigel invasion assay. Scale bar represents 200 μm.
(J) Quantification of (I). (Means ± SD, n = 8 independent samples, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(K) Metalloprotease dependence of Matrigel invasion assay (Means ± SD, n = 9 independent samples, ∗∗p < 0.01.) See also Figure S2.
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5. Figure 3
WRC Depletion from A431 Cells Enhances Arp2/3 Complex/N-WASP-Dependent Invasion
(A), (E), (F), and (H) show thick collagen invasion assay, and (B) and (K) show 3D collagen invasion assay (Experimental Procedures).
(A) Control and WRC-depleted invading cells expressing p21-Arc-GFP (Arp2/3, green) and stained with rhodamine phalloidin (actin, red). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(B) Phase-contrast images of Nap1 and Sra1 knockdown cells with nontargeting siRNA (siNT) sip34, p34-Arc Arp2/3 complex. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(C and D) Quantification of invasion. (Means ± SD, n = 12 images from three independent assays, ∗p = not significant, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(E) Confocal images of endogenous N-WASP (blue) and Arp2/3 complex (p21-Arc-GFP, green) and F-actin (rhodamine phalloidin, red). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(F) Confocal images of GFP (green), endogenous N-WASP (blue), and filamentous actin (rhodamine phalloidin, red) in WRC-depleted cells. Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(G) Levels of F-actin, Arp2/3, or N-WASP in Nap1- and Sra1-depleted cells from (E). (Means ± SD, n = 10 cells, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(H) Confocal images of Nap1 and Sra1 stable knockdown cells treated with control siRNAs (siNT) and N-WASP siRNA during invasion. Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(I and J) Quantification of actin and Arp2/3 in pseudopods from (H). (Means ± SD, n = 5 cells, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(K) Phase-contrast images of invading Nap1 and Sra1 stable knockdown cells after control siRNA or siN-WASP. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(L and M) Relative invasion distance (L) or area (M) of invading cells per field from (K). (Means ± SEM, n = 12 images n = 3 assays, ∗p = not significant, ∗∗p < 0.01.) See also Figures S2 and S3.
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6. Figure 4
Increased Active FAK Contributes to Invasion of WRC Knockdown A431 Cells
(A) shows 3D collagen-gel invasion assay, and (D), (E), and (G) show thick collagen-gel invasion assay (Experimental Procedures).
(A) Invading Nap1 and Sra1 stable knockdown cells were treated with FAK siRNA. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(B and C) Relative invasion distance (B) and area of (C) invading cells per field. (Means ± SEM, n = 12 images, three independent assays, ∗p = not significant, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(D) Confocal images of GFP-N-WASP-expressing cells with actin (red, rhodamine phalloidin) and pY397FAK antibody (blue). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(E) Confocal images of p21-Arc-GFP (green)-expressing shNap1 and shSra1 cells with FAK or NT siRNAs with actin (red) and N-WASP antibody (blue). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(F) Relative intensity of filamentous actin, GFP-N-WASP, and pY397FAK from (E). (Means ± SD, n = 6 cells, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(G–I) FAK depletion reduced N-WASP-, Arp2/3 (p21-Arc-GFP)-, and actin-relative fluorescence intensity compared to NT. (Data are shown as means ± SD, n = 6 cells, ∗∗p < 0.01.) See also Figure S4.
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7. Figure 5
FAK Kinase Activity Contributes to N-WASP Localization in WRC-Depleted A431 Cells
(A)–(D), (I), and (J) show thick collagen-gel invasion assays, and (F) shows 3D collagen invasion assay (Experimental Procedures).
(A) Control cells treated with vehicle (DMSO) or 1 μM FAK inhibitor with actin (red) and N-WASP antibody (green). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(B) Cells as in (A) but with control siRNA (siNT) or FAK siRNA (siFAK). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(C and D) Nap1 and Sra1 stable knockdown cells with DMSO or 1 μM FAK inhibitor. Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(E) FAK inhibitor reduced N-WASP-relative fluorescence intensity compared to DMSO control. (Means ± SD, n = 5 cells, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(F) Invading Nap1 and Sra1 stable knockdown cells were treated with FAK inhibitor. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
(G and H) Relative invasion distance (G) and the relative area (H) of invading cells per field. (Data are means ± SEM, n = 10 images, three independent assays, ∗p = not significant, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(I and J) Control and WRC-depleted cells expressing GFP-Y256F N-WASP (I) (green) or GFP-Y256D N-WASP (J) (green) and stained with rhodamine phalloidin (filamentous actin, red). Scale bar represents 10 μm. See also Figure S5.
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8. Figure 6
Loss of WRC in hTERT-RPE1 Cells Promotes Matrix Degradation through FAK-Dependent Degradative Focal Adhesions
(A and B) Cells were treated with control siRNA (siNT), Nap1 siRNA (siNap1), and Sra1 siRNA (siSra1) (A) or FAK siRNA (siFAK) (B), as indicated, and were subjected to fluorescent gelatin-degradation assay. Confocal images show fluorescent gelatin (green), F-actin (rhodamine phalloidin, red), and α-actinin (anti- α-actinin, blue). Scale bar represents 10 μm.
(C) Percentage of cells with degradative focal adhesions. (Means ± SD, n = 3 independent assays, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(D) Relative area of degradation per cell. (Means ± SD, n = 57, ∗∗p < 0.01.) See also Figure S6.
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9. Figure 7
WRC Knockdown Enhances A431 Cell Transformation In Vitro and Tumorigenesis In Vivo
(A) Colonies formed by shCtl, shNap1, and shSra1 cells in soft agarose assay in the presence of FAK inhibitor (1 μM) or DMSO (vehicle). Scale bars represent 400 μm.
(B) Colony size from (A). (Means ± SD, n = 30, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(C) Colony number from (A). (Means ± SD, n = 3, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(D) FAK dependence of colony formation in shCtl, shNap1, and shSra1 cells treated with siNT or siFAK. Scale bar represents 400 μm.
(E) Colony size from (D). (Means ± SEM, n = 30, ∗∗p < 0.01.)
(F) Growth curves on standard tissue culture dishes, as indicated. (Means ± SD at each time point, n = 3.)
(G) Survival (time to tumor reaching 1.4 cm) curve of subcutaneously injected nude mice (p < 0.01, log rank test for trend).
(H) Immunohistochemistry of representative tumor sections with pY397FAK antibody, as indicated. Scale bar represents 120 μm. See also Figure S7.
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