1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Compounds COVALENT BONDS Compounds that have:
Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, chlorine OR fluorine
COVALENT BONDS
Can be natural (ex. sugar) or synthetic (ex. plastic)

3. Organic molecules All contain CARBON
Can covalently bond w/ 4 other atoms
Holds electrons tightly: forms STRONG BONDS

4. Chemical Composition Living organisms = 50‑95% water The rest = CHNOPS
Less than 1/2% = vital ions
Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, etc.

5. 4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules Essential to Living Things
ELEMENTS
BUILDING
BLOCKS
Carbohydrates - 2
(C H O) (2 8)
Monosaccharides
Lipids
C H O
3 Fatty Acids
1 glycerol
Proteins
C H O N +
"R" GROUPS
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
C H O N P
Nucleotides
(Nitrogenous base,
sugar, phosphate)

6. Carbohydrates (sugars)
(CH2O)(2-8) basic formula
Simple sugars = quick energy source
Glucose, fructose
Form rings when in water

7. Disaccharides Transport molecules Sucrose (sap in plants)
Lactose, Maltose

8. Polysaccharides Storage (starches)
Structural support (cellulose, chitin)

9. Monomers to Polymers Condensation links single units Saves space
Hydrolysis breaks chains apart
Releases energy

10. Saccharide Formation
Condensation links monosaccharides

11. Starches Main storage molecules in plants
Chains of simple sugars that must be broken down before they can be used

12. Glycogen Main storage molecule in animals Stored in muscles
Broken down when glucose is no longer available

13. Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are insoluble in water (nonpolar)
Fats store energy 6 times better than starch, carry more energy-rich bonds
Fatty acid - carbon chain + carboxyl unit

14. Fats
Glycerol
3 fatty acids
Joined by conden- sation

15. Saturated Vs. Unsaturated
Saturated = single bonds ONLY in carbon chain
Carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen
Unsaturated = double or triple bonds
Unsaturated
Saturated

16. Blubber Fats that DON'T get converted Vital as an insulating layer
Fats around organs aren’t converted
Shock absorbers

17. Steroids
Cholesterol (saturated)
“Parent” molecule of many steriods

18. Proteins Can form enzymes Act as organic catalysts
Allow reactions to occur in living bodies at safe temperatures

19. Nucleotides (DNA, RNA) Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate molecule
Form the code of life

20. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides  Disaccharides  Polysaccharides (Condensation Reaction)
Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes
(Saturated vs. Unsaturated)
Proteins
Chains of Amino Acids (20 different amino acids)
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)