1. Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 340-354 (March 2018)
Vascular Tissue Engineering: Progress, Challenges, and Clinical Promise 
H.-H. Greco Song, Rowza T. Rumma, C. Keith Ozaki, Elazer R. Edelman, Christopher S. Chen 
Cell Stem Cell 
Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages (March 2018)
DOI: /j.stem
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2. Figure 1 Fabrication Approaches for Engineering Arterial Vessels
Tubular structures that resemble arteries (<6 mm in diameter) can be xenogenically sourced or fabricated with biomaterials through sheet rolling, molding, and/or direct scaffolding. Once fabricated, the grafts are seeded with ECs and SMCs and conditioned with biomechanical stimuli (data not shown) before implantation. Grafts can also be used without cellularization for applications such as hemodialysis access.
Cell Stem Cell  , DOI: ( /j.stem )
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2 Fabrication Approaches for Engineering Microvessels
Microvessels can be fabricated using either (A) top-down or (B) bottom-up methods.
(A) Top-down approaches involve fabrication of pre-designed structures through (Ai) sacrificial 3D printing, (Aii) spatial laser-degradation, or (Aiii) layer-by-layer assembly (z axis illustrated normal to figure plane).
(B) Bottom-up approaches utilize chemical/physical stimulants to induce (Bi) angiogenic sprouting or (Bii) vasculogenic self-assembly of endothelial cells (ECs) to create a network of interconnected microvessels. Dimensions of fabricated structures can vary, but all are sub-millimeter in scale.
Cell Stem Cell  , DOI: ( /j.stem )
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions