1. Do Now Activity
What is the name of the male gland that aids in the neutralization of urine?
What male anatomical part stores sperm?
Where are the testes found?
What is a vasectomy?

2. chapter 17 – 19: The cardiovascular System
Essential Question:
Pick 1 function of the cardiovascular system & explain what would happen if it did not exist/function correctly. Then, pick 1 structure of the cardiovascular system & explain what would happen if it did not exist/function correctly.
chapter 17 – 19: The cardiovascular System
Learning Targets
Identify structure and function of 3 types of muscle tissue.
Identify the functional characteristics of muscle tissue.
List the functions of muscle
Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle

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4. Function of Blood
Substance distribution (transportation): It moves: hormones, oxygen, nutrients & wastes.
Regulation: It maintains temperature, pH & blood volume.
Body Protection: It prevents blood loss & fights infections.

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6. Composition of Blood Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue.
It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements.
Formed elements include (cells):
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Hematocrit is the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

7. Blood Plasma Plasma is mostly water (90%).
Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes, including:
Proteins
Non-protein nitrogenous substances: products of metabolism
Organic nutrients
Electrolytes
Respiratory gases

8. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells: RBC)
RBCs have no nucleus & essentially no organelles.
They are filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport.
Hemoglobin transports O2 & CO2 gases.
They do not consume the oxygen, they transport it.

9. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells: WBC)
WBCs are the only blood components that are complete cells.
WBCs are less numerous than RBCs.
They make up 1% of the total blood volume.
They can leave capillaries and move through tissue spaces.
They fight infections from bacterial or viral invasion.
They are grouped into 2 types: granulocytes & agranulocytes.

10. Platelets These are fragments of cells.
Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug.
Platelets not involved in clotting are kept inactive by other molecules.

11. Summary of Formed Elements

12. Summary of Formed Elements

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14. Hemostasis
Hemostasis is a series of reactions designed to stop bleeding.
During hemostasis, three phases occur in rapid sequence:
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)

15. Step 1: Vascular Spasms
Vascular spasms happen as an immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury.
Narrowing of the vessels
Reduces blood loss

16. Step 2: Platelet Plug Formation
Upon damage to blood vessel lining, platelets:
Adhere to collagen
Stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug
Release chemicals which attract still more platelets

17. Step 3: Coagulation
Coagulation is a set of reactions that transforms blood from a liquid to a gel.
It’s a series of reactions that cause one chemical to create another in a domino effect.
The final three steps of this series of reactions are:
Prothrombin activator is formed.
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin.
Thrombin causes fibrinogen to convert into a fibrin mesh.

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19. Layers of the Heart
The pericardium covers the heart. It is a double-walled sac around the heart.
Pericardial walls are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity.
It protects & anchors the heart.
It prevents overfilling of the heart with blood.
It reduces friction.

20. Layers of the Heart Epicardium: a visceral layer of the pericardium.
Myocardium: the layer of cardiac muscle forming the bulk of the heart.
Endocardium: the endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface.

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22. Atria are the chambers of the heart that receive blood.
The Heart: Atria
Atria are the chambers of the heart that receive blood.
Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus (vein from the heart).
Blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary veins (from the lungs).

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24. Ventricles are the chambers of the heart in which blood leaves.
The Heart: Ventricles
Ventricles are the chambers of the heart in which blood leaves.
The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.
The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.

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26. The Heart: Valves
Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart.
There are 2 types: atrioventricular & semilunar

27. The Heart: Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria & the ventricles:
The tricuspid valve is between the right atria & ventricle.
The bicuspid/mitral valve is between the left atria & ventricle.
AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract.

28. The Heart: Valves
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles:
The aortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle & the aorta.
The pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (artery).

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30. The Septum
The left & right side of the heart is divided by a tissue wall called the septum.
It is also called the interventricular septum.

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32. Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation
The brain sends a message to the sinoatrial (SA) node.
The message is sent to the atrioventricular (AV) node.
Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His).
AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum (bundle branches).
Bundle branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart.
Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the heart apex & ventricular walls.

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34. The Cardiac Cycle
The cardiac cycle refers to all events associated with blood flow through the heart:
Systole: the contraction of heart muscle
Diastole: the relaxation of heart muscle
This is usually associated with ventricle contraction.
The cardiac cycle is used to determine Blood Pressure.
(more in chapter 19)

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36. Pulse
The pulse measures the flow of blood in the arteries.
As blood flows through, the pressure of the blood causes the artery to expand.
Pulse is directly related to heart rate.

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38. Heart Sounds
Heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated with closing of heart valves:
The first sound occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole.
The second sound occurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

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40. Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
They have a thick middle muscle layer.
Their structure must withstand more pressure.

41. Veins Veins carry blood back to the heart.
It has a thinner muscular layer.
Its structure contains valves to prevent back flow of blood.

42. Capillaries Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.
They have walls consisting of a thin internal layer, about one cell thick.
They allow only a single RBC to pass at a time.
They contact tissues and exchange materials with the cells.

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44. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is determined by heart sounds.
The pressure cuts off blood flow in the artery.
When pressure is released, blood flow is restored.
This creates a thumping sound.
This is known as the systolic pressure.
Eventually the sounds go away when flow is restored to 100%.
This is known as the diastolic pressure.
Blood pressure is written as: Systolic / Diastolic
Ex: 120 / 80

45. Measuring Blood Pressure
Systemic arterial blood pressure is measured indirectly by using a sphygmomanometer.

46. Alterations in Blood Pressure
Hypotension: low BP in which systolic pressure is below 100 mm Hg or diastolic under 60.
Hypertension: a condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher.
Acute Elevation can be caused by fever, physical exertion, and being emotional upset.
Chronic Elevation is a major cause of heart failure/attack, vascular (blood vessel) disease, renal failure, and stroke.