1. Section 2: Probability    
Probability: the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
There are 2 kinds of probability:
Mathematical & Experimental
Let’s talk about a penny

2. What are the chances that it will be heads?
What are the chances that it will be tails?
What are the chances that it will land building side up?
What are the chances that it will be heads or tails?

3. Remember, that is just a PREDICTION and is not absolute:
Flip a coin 10 times, what is the predicted ratio.
But, the MORE times you do it, the closer you should come to the mathematical probability. In science, the MORE trials the BETTER! But, in reality, we don’t have the money or the time.

4. Next question:
If a quarter has landed heads 9 times in a row, what are the chances that it will land tails on the 10th throw?
50 %
Each flip is INDEPENDENT of the ones before it!

5. New Scenario:
What are the chances that:
I have a bag that contains 5 red marbles, 3 green marbles, & 2 blue marbles.
I will pull a Green Marble from the bag? 3 10
Green Marbles = 3
Total Marbles = 10
= 30% or .3

6. Okay, so how does this Genetics stuff actually work in cells?
During Mitosis all of the Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes.
Every specie on Earth has a certain Number of Chromosomes:
Humans: 23 pairs = 46 Chromosomes
Dogs: 78 Chromosomes
Silkworms: 56 Chromosomes
Onion: 16 Chromosomes
Fruit Fly: 8 Chromosomes
E. Coli bacteria: 1 Chromosome
Yeast: 32 Chromosomes

7. A Karyotype is a picture of all an organisms Chromosomes lined up in pairs.
The number of Chromosomes you have has NOTHING to do with how complex you are.
For any single pair of chromosomes either the gamete has a
maternal chromosome or a paternal chromosome, so there are two
possibilities for any single pair of chromosomes. Since we have 23 pairs
of homologous chromosomes there are 2^23 possible combinations of maternal
Vs paternal chromosomes in the gametes.

8. I will pull a Red Marble from the bag?
I will pull a Purple Marble from the bag
I will pull a Blue marble from the bag?
I will pull a Red or Green marble from the bag
I have a bag that contains 5 red marbles, 3 green marbles, & 2 blue marbles.