1. CELLS
CELL THEORY

2. Cell theory: Cell theory is revision from year 8 and 10
Read 2.1 Heinemann-history of cell theory
Points to note: remember
Van Leeuwenhoek, Robert hook, cork, little boxes, microscopes etc
Write out the cell theory below after your own reading and notes:
Cells are the basic functional and structural unit of living organisms
All organisms are made up of cells and the products of cells
All cells come from preexisting cells
The cell is the smallest living organizational unit
All cells are basically the same chemical composition
All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells

3. Cell Organelles Cell Membrane: Holds cell together
Controls what passes in and out of the cell
Referred to as selectively permeable- won’t let all molecules through depending on size and etc.
Nucleus:
Control centre of the cell
Controls all processes the cell does
Contains threadlike bodies- chromatin granules important in cell division
During division chromatin appears as chromosomes

4. Cytoplasm All the contents of a cell within the plasma/cell membrane.
The semifluid medium between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called cytosol. (cytoplasm)
Controlled by the nucleus
Various functions occur here
Functions are controlled by different organelles
Lots of chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm – This is called metabolism  

5. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Mitochondria:
Through the process of cellular respiration it produces energy
Small Granules:
Glycogen in animals
Starch in plants.
Plastids:
These are small bodies in a cell which contain a chemical substance
Eg: Chloroplast is a plastid that contains the chemical chlorophyll

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum:
It is a transport system for the cell but it also makes lipids
Processes carbohydrates
Detoxifies substances such as poisons and alcohol
Can be rough – contains ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) RER
It can be smooth – No ribosomes (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) SER
Carries proteins from the nucleus to a Golgi Complex
Ribosomes
THESE ARE SMALL ORGANELLES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PROTEINS IN THE CELL.

7. Golgi Body
The function of the Golgi Body is to sort, chemically alter, and package important molecules

8. Plant Organelles
Plants also have cell membranes, ribosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Only Plant Cells 
Chloroplast:
Membrane bound organelle, it is the site of photosynthesis and ATP production in autotrophic plant cells
Cell Wall:
Cellulose layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells.
Because it is very porous the cell wall permeable to molecules and ions that can pass through the plasma membrane through diffusion.

9. PLANT ORGANELLES CONT:
Vacuole
Is a membrane bound, fluid filled sac inside plant and animal cells.
Large Vacuole
Is a membrane bound, fluid filled sac inside plant and animals cells.
Occupies much of the volume of a plant cell.
Amyloplast (Starch Grain)
A membrane bound organelle containing concentric layers of starch (amylopectin).
 READ AND NOTE PAGE 21: Cilia and Flagella